If a Molecule Is Reduced Does It Gain or Lose Energy

Question: If a Molecule Is Reduced Does It Gain or Lose Energy? Answer: Reduction occurs when a molecule gains an electron or decreases its oxidation state. When a molecule is reduced, it gains energy. Does an Oxidized Molecule Gain or Lose Energy?

Metaphysical Poems - 792 Words

Metaphysical Poets John Donne and Andrew Marvell were considered metaphysical poets based on their use of conceit and wit in depicting similar situations through different metaphors. They would use original analogies to create fitting and insightful comparisons, usually to persuade. John Donne and Andrew Marvell have been called metaphysical poets. This is a,† name given to a group of English lyric poets of the 17th century† (Metaphysical poets)† The term metaphysical poets came to be used almost one hundred years after the death of the two poets. John Donne died John Donne in1631 and Andrew Marvell died in 1678. The term later became known as ‘metaphysical poetry,’ (which was referred to by contemporaries, as ‘strong lived’. The†¦show more content†¦In the second stanza, the speaker argues for the life of the flea, as his lady has moved to kill it. Almost desperate, the speaker describes the flea as holy. â€Å"This flea is you and I, and this/Our marriage bed, and marriage temple is† (lines 12-13). He fails to save the flea, as reflected, â€Å"[p]urpled thy nail in blood of innocence?† She killed the flea and the speaker’s last chance of having relations with her. The speaker at t his point realizes that his chance to have sex with this lady is gone. The speaker realized her killing the flea was his final rejection. In â€Å"To His Coy Mistress,† the speaker is attempting to use a Carpe Diem method to persuade the young lady to make love to him. The speaker attempts to persuade the lady with seize the day. The speaker continues to tell the woman about how short time is, and how they must hurry because no one ever knows how much time is left. This is evident in by how the poem begins, â€Å"Had we but world enough, and time,†(page 527) As the poem starts to speed up you realize the speaker is becoming almost desperate. His promises and analogies become so farfetched.†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ I would Love you ten years before the flood† (line 8). Marvell uses symbolism, comparisons and metaphors to show the speaker as this passionate lover and the lady would be foolish not to give in to his request. Clearly the two speakers are Metaphysical poets. They have gone in two different directions to try toShow MoreRelatedThe Metaphysical Conceit in Donnes Poems1198 Words   |  5 PagesThe Metaphysical Conceit Donne’s Poems â€Å"The Flea† and â€Å"A Valediction† are poems by John Donne that were written in the 17th Century. These poems incorporate the fundamental of something called a metaphysical conceit. Interesting though, both poems use the metaphysical conceit to tell a story about two very opposite situation between two â€Å"partners†. â€Å"The Flea’s† metaphysical conceit is stretched along a lustful, passionate, relationship between two individuals. â€Å"A Valediction’s† metaphysical conceitRead MoreEssay on Herberts Metaphysical Poems3454 Words   |  14 PagesHerberts Metaphysical Poems In the first portion of The Temple, specifically Perirrhanterium, Herbert prescribes the didactics necessary for the instruction of the catechumen in a simple, straightforward manner. As the reader moves into the main section of The Church, the author’s poetic wit becomes more complex in both its style and depth of topic. Although the starkness of the messages in Herbert’s metaphysical poems is not as palpable as those of the Church Porch, their ability to teachRead MoreComparing Ideas and Images in Four Metaphysical Love Poems Essay1258 Words   |  6 Pagesand Images in Four Metaphysical Love Poems â€Å"To His Coy Mistress†, â€Å"The Fair Singer†, â€Å"Picture of Little T.C. in a Prospect of Flowers† by Andrew Marvell and â€Å"Sun Rising† by John Donne are all seventeenth century metaphysical love poems. They all contain similar styles and images in which they portray the messages they intend to get across, which give an insight into certain opinions and feelings of men towards women in that era. All these poems talk about the beautyRead MoreMetaphysical Poetry1246 Words   |  5 PagesMetaphysical Poetry: Much More Than Wit The two main views of metaphysical poetry, as composed by poets A.E. Housman and T.S. Eliot, are vastly different. Eliot’s view of metaphysical poetry is a very positive and respectful one. He admires the uniqueness of the metaphysical poets when he describes them as â€Å"reflective poets† as opposed to merely intellectual ones. Eliot says they have the ability to â€Å"feel their thought as immediately as the odor of a rose,† compared to the strictly thought-drivenRead MoreCharacteristics of Metaphysical Poetry876 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is a metaphysical poem? Metaphysical poetry is concerned with the whole experience of man, but the intelligence, learning and seriousness of the poets means that the poetry is about the profound areas of experience especially - about love, romantic and sensual; about man s relationship with God - the eternal perspective, and, to a less extent, about pleasure, learning and art. Metaphysical poems are lyric poems. They are brief but intense meditations, characterized by striking use of witRead More John Donnes Use of Wit Language and Metaphor in Poetry Essay754 Words   |  4 Pagesto be one of the greatest metaphysical poets of our time, even though he published only a small number of poems in his lifetime. The poems he did write were metaphorical and often humorus poems telling the tale of religious love and sex. Being a metaphysical poet he exhibited many characteristics of the metaphysical poets. He wrote with metaphysical wit, metaphysical conceit, metaphors, symbols and paradoxes. If these were some of the things that defined a metaphysical poet, then John Donne is aRead MoreEssay on Love and Metaphysical Poetry1635 Words   |  7 Pagessublime paradoxes and far†fetched imagery are just a few features of Metaphysical poetry. Poetry that enables its audience to take a journey with the poet throughout life’s battles, luxuries and treasure s, is simply a phenomenon. Today, we are very lucky to have the luxury of many metaphysical poems; however, today we will be exploring just two. These being A Valediction Forbidding Mourning and To His Coy Mistress. Both poems possess different themes and features that will be compared and contrastedRead MoreMetaphysical Conceit in John Donnes The Sun Rising Essay685 Words   |  3 PagesMetaphysical Conceit in John Donnes The Sun Rising Have you ever been in love? Have you ever felt a love so strong that nothing else seemed to matter? I hope that you have, but if you havent, John Donnes poem, The Sun Rising, gives a revealing glimpse into the emotional roller coaster that is true love. In the poem, Donne uses what is called a metaphysical conceit to emphasize the strength of the devotion between him and his lover. A metaphysical conceit is a metaphor extendedRead MoreComparing the Attitudes Towards Love and Relationships in The Beggar Woman by William King and To His Coy Mistress by Andrew Marvell1155 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam King and To His Coy Mistress by Andrew Marvell In this essay I will be comparing two poems, The Beggar Woman and To His Coy Mistress. I will be looking at how the themes of love and relationships are dealt with. I will also be looking at the historical context of the poems. Firstly in The Beggar Woman, written around 1663 to 1712, by William King. The story within the poem is about a gentleman who, whilst he is out hunting, wants to do another kind of ‘sport’, iRead MoreTHE MAIN FEATURES OF THE METAPHYSICAL POETRY ILLUSTRATED BY JOHN DONNE1637 Words   |  7 PagesFEATURES OF THE METAPHYSICAL POETRY ILLUSTRATED BY JOHN DONNE The term metaphysical poetry is used to describe a certain type of 17th century poetry. Metaphysical poetry is concerned with the whole experience of man. It means that the poetry is about showing knowledge and thoughts from different areas of experience, especially about love, romantic and sensual; about mans relationship with God and about pleasure, learning and art. Metaphysical poems are lyric

Taking a Look at the Death Penalty - 1195 Words

Death Penalty Many criminals who commit murder are sentenced to death for the crimes they have committed. The death penalty is a highly controversial practice and the question that must be raised is: Should society continue to use the death penalty as a punishment for heinous crimes? Currently, this turbulent topic continues to be argued. According to the Death Penalty Information Center, there are already eighteen states that have abolished this archaic form of justice. Our society is moving towards a time and place where the death penalty is no longer an acceptable form of punishment. The use of the death sentence should be abolished from the justice system. The death sentence is an ineffective form of punishment that is morally wrong, potentially causes unnecessary deaths of innocent people, is costly, and does not accomplish the task that it has been instated to fulfill which is the prevention of crime. From a moral perspective, the clear answer is to abolish the death penalty. J ust this week in Oklahoma there was a horrifying accident while the lethal injection method was being preformed on an inmate. Clayton Locket, the inmate, was given the injection that should have paralyzed and sedated him, but when locket’s vain erupted it went terribly wrong. â€Å"Witnesses described the man convulsing and writhing on the gurney, as well as struggling to speak, before officials blocked the witnesses view.† (Ford, McLaughlin,Levitt) The final cause of death was a heart attack.Show MoreRelatedTaking a Look at the Death Penalty1013 Words   |  4 Pages Death Penalty should be allowed under circumstances also known as capital punishment, where congress or any state legislature recommend the death penalty for murder and other capital crimes. Majority of the states are favor in death penalty, roughly around 32 states are favor and 18 states are against death penalty. In most cases, many argue that death penalty has violated the 8th amendment, where it bans cruel and unusual punishment. Therefore, they would go against death penalty. However, withoutRead MoreTaking a Look at the Death Penalty694 Words   |  3 Pagesgenerations to come. This is where the death penalty comes into place. What type of feelings would you encounter knowing your children were in danger on a daily basis? We are capable of putting certain people away for our safety. The death penalty may be expensive, but it should stand nationwide on the grounds that it lowers crime rates and it is justified. The death penalty is too expensive to enact. Every case having to do with the penalty of death costs an extra chunk load of money, trialsRead MoreTaking a Look at the Death Penalty1168 Words   |  5 PagesDeath Penalty To have a loved one taken away in such a cruel manner to have a memory that haunts you every living moment. The death penalty would not merely add up for what has happened to you or family. The death penalty should be illegal for many reasons such it is immoral, it doesn’t ensure closure for the victim or the victim’s family, and although some people think that the death penalty will deter crime it really is ineffective overall. Many people think it is right to kill someone forRead MoreTaking a Look at the Death Penalty659 Words   |  3 PagesThe death penalty occurs when someone kills another human being for money, ether intention, knowing or even recklessly. â€Å"The death penalty violates the right to life as proclaimed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the right to be free from cruel, inhuman and degrading punishment.† (The Ultimate Denial of Human Rights) in this world, no one has the right to take another human being’s life, every human being is entitled to life. According to Reggio, the death penalty startedRead MoreTaking a Look at the Death Penalty918 Words   |  4 PagesThe death penalty is one of the oldest punishments in the world. It has many kinds and always appeared with blood and fright in the history. As the world developing, we got stuck in a problem, that whether we should abolish the death penalty. We have many arguments about the death penalty at present. There are more than 140 countries abolished it. Also the 58 nations with 65 percent population still used it, like China, America, Japan. Many lawyers, judges, politics and scholars also have their ownRead MoreTaking a Look at the Death Penalty1029 Words   |  4 Pages The death penalty has been around for decades, and since the beginning it has been a major topic of discussion. It’s been very controversial because there are religious issues and moral issues in some people’s minds. The death penalty is a topic that has always had moral principl es and ethical issues. There’s really no in between with what people believe, they are either fully for the death penalty, or completely against it. However, both sides have completely ethical reasons as to why they believeRead MoreTaking a Look at the Death Penalty614 Words   |  2 Pages Capital punishment or the death penalty is a legal process where a person is put to death as a punishment for a crime that person has committed. Forms of Capital punishment has been around for hundreds of years. Execution of criminals have been used by almost every society that has ever existed. People were executed for all types of crimes from being accused of witch craft to lying. In some cases a vast amount of people were put to death with capital punishment. In the 20th century tens of millionsRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is The Punishment Of Execution1247 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is the death penalty? The death penalty is the punishment of execution, administered to someone legal ly convicted of a capital crime. In the reading selection â€Å"The DEATH PENALTY in AMERICA† Bedau says that â€Å"The history of the death penalty in America can be useful if roughly divided into six epochs of very uneven duration and importance (3)†.The author is saying that the history of the death penalty can be usefully if it is separate into different time period. The author says â€Å"first, from theRead MoreThe Ethics of Capital Punishment Essay1608 Words   |  7 PagesCapital punishment is known to some people one of the cruelest punishment to humanity. Some people believe giving a person the death penalty does not solve anything. While others believe it is payback to the criminal for the crime they have committed. There have been 13,000 people executed since the colonial times, among 1900 and 1985 there were 139 innocent people sentence to death only 23 were executed. In 1967 lack of support and legal challenges cut the execution rate to zero bringing the practiceRead MoreCessation of Life: Who are we to choose?- A look into the Death Penalty686 Words   |  3 Pagescrime, sometimes the only justice seems to be an eye for an eye. And most of the time those victims look to our court systems to provide that justice. But is death the answer? I believe that with human fallibility and the fallibility of our court system as variables, that a sentence that cannot be overturned should not be passed down in any case, especially when that sentence is as irreversible as death. In an editorial from USA Today found on deathpenaltyinfo.org, Justice Sandra Day O’Connor is

Selecting a Locale for Global Outsourcing - 1087 Words

Selecting a Locale for Global Outsourcing Introduction: The process of globalization is changing the way that companies large and small must conduct business to survive. From external factors such as the international laws and widely varying domestic tax policies to internal changes to personnel or process, free trade policies are altering operational strategy, especially for small companies engaging in growth. One of the most determinant changes brought on by free trade and its gradual permeation of the developing world is the appeal of global outsourcing or off-shoring for growing American businesses. Outsourcing is the practice by which companies will employ agencies external to the company, and increasingly external even to the primary country of operation, in order to attain specialty services at a fee-per-service basis. Also important to the discussion, the concept of off-shoring will find a company expanding into a new international location by establishing a satellite base of operations within. Each strategy carries its own unique set of challenges and advantages. Part of our task as a growing company verging on its first venture of internationalization is to determine what balance of these strategies might best serve our interests. Factors in a Global Context: There are many global factors to consider that have been emergent with the spread of globalization. For a firm seeking an ideal context for establishing a new manufacturing center, cost is of course aShow MoreRelatedEffective Business Communication4674 Words   |  19 Pages TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENT 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5 INTRODUCTION TO BUSINESS COMMUNICATION 6 LITERATURE REVIEW 6 PROBLEM OF STUDY 7 OBJECTIVE OF STUDY 7 KEY TERMS 8 BRIEF OUTLINE OF CHAPTERS 9 METHODOLGY 10 UNIVERSE OF THE STUDY 10 LOCALE OF THE STUDY 10 SAMPLE SELECTION 10 DATA COLLECTION 10 ORGANISATION OF DATA 11 ANALYSIS OF DATA 11 INTRAPERSONAL AND INTERNAL COMMUNICATION 12 INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION 12 INTERNAL COMMUNICATION 13 CHANNELS OF COMMUNICATION 14 EXTERNALRead MoreDessler Hrm12 Tif0511347 Words   |  46 PagesObjective: 2 Skill: Concept 7) Employment planning requires making forecasts of three elements: the supply of inside candidates, the likely supply of outside candidates, and ________. A) personnel needs B) job specifications C) supervisor salaries D) global trends E) labor relations Answer: A Explanation: The process of personnel planning requires forecasts or estimates of three things: personnel needs, the supply of inside candidates, and the likely supply of outside candidates. Forecasting personnelRead MoreGlobalization Of Production And Consumption Builds Weight On Firms9648 Words   |  39 Pagescoordination, thus product complexity impacts supply chain complexity. Item construction modeling must compliment the level of vertical reconciliation (Novak and Eppinger, 2001; Fixson, 2005). Maintenance of center generation skills in-house and outsourcing of non-center capabilities will bring about expanded benefits. Taking into account these discovering we can propose that products with complex structures as an aftereffect of more parts and specialized refinement will oblige a more unpredictableRead MoreHanson Production18651 Words   |  75 Pagesfew key modifications that took place at the turn of the century when Indian Popular Cinema gained the position of an industry.(--1) After that the Indian film has developed in new directions. One such change was a more intense interplay between the global and the local which took place during the 1990s. Today, every single function and activity related to the Indian film business is becoming well defined and systematized, be it the retail infrastructure, financial aspect, marketing or distributionRead Mor eMis Case Solutions7972 Words   |  32 Pagessales data to determine which items sold quickly and which ones didn’t. 4. What role should managers and employees have in designing the solution? Each store manager should be allowed to provide input into a solution that best fits each store locale and the overall company. Purportedly, local managers know their customers best. Therefore, they should be given an opportunity to customize inventories and marketing campaigns for their customers. It’s obvious that a one-size-fits-all strategy hasRead MoreBusiness Information Systems in Your Career7321 Words   |  30 Pagesdata to determine which items sold quickly and which ones didn’t. 4. What role should managers and employees have in designing the solution? Each store manager should be allowed to provide input into a solution that best fits each store locale and the overall company. Purportedly, local managers know their customers best. Therefore, they should be given an opportunity to customize inventories and marketing campaigns for their customers. It’s obvious that a one-size-fits-all strategy hasRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pagestelecommunications. This shift has meant that some organizations have had to reduce the number of employees, while others have had to attract and retain employees with different capabilities than previously were needed. Additionally, pressures from global competitors have forced many U.S. firms to close facilities, adapt their management practices, and increase productivity and decrease labor costs in order to become more competitive. Finally, the explosive growth of information technology, particularlyRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesDefining the Project 4.1 Project charter 5.1 Gather requirements 5.2 Defining scope 5.3 Creating a WBS 5.4 Tools and techniques 6.1 Define activities 9.1.2. 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Narayan From Wikipedia free essay sample

Narayan (10 October 1906 – 13 May 2001), shortened from Rasipuram Krishnaswami Iyer Narayanaswami, was an Indian writer, best known for his works set in the fictional South Indian town of Malgudi. He is one of three leading figures of early Indian literature in English (alongside Mulk Raj Anand and Raja Rao), and is credited with bringing the genre to the rest of the world Narayan broke through with the help of his mentor and friend, Graham Greene, who was instrumental in getting publishers for Narayan’s first four books, including the semi-autobiographical trilogy of Swami and Friends, The Bachelor of Arts and The English Teacher. Narayan’s works also include The Financial Expert, hailed as one of the most original works of 1951, and Sahitya Akademi Award winner The Guide, which was adapted for film and for Broadway. The setting for most of Narayans stories is the fictional town of Malgudi, first introduced in Swami and Friends. His narratives highlight social context and provide a feel for his characters through everyday life. He has been compared to William Faulkner, who also created a fictional town that stood for reality, brought out the humour and energy of ordinary life, and displayed compassionate humanism in his writing. Narayans short story writing style has been compared to that of Guy de Maupassant, as they both have an ability to compress the narrative without losing out on elements of the story. Narayan has also come in for criticism for being too simple in his prose and diction. In a writing career that spanned over sixty years, Narayan received many awards and honours. These include the AC Benson Medal from the Royal Society of Literature and the Padma Vibhushan, Indias second-highest civilian award. He was also nominated to the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of Indias parliament. Contents * 1 Life and career * 1. 1 Early years * 1. Turning point * 1. 3 The busy years * 1. 4 The later years * 2 Literary review * 2. 1 Writing style * 2. 2 Malgudi * 2. 3 Critical reception * 3 Awards and honours * 4 Legacy * 5 List of works * 5. 1 Adaptations * 6 Notes * 7 References * 8 Further reading| Life and career Early years R. K. Narayan was born in Madras (now Chennai), Madras Presidency, British India. [ 1] His father was a school headmaster, and Narayan did some of his studies at his fathers school. As his fathers job required frequent moves, Narayan spent part of his childhood under the care of his maternal grandmother, Parvati. 2] During this time his best friends and playmates were a peacock and a mischievous monkey. [3][4][5] His grandmother gave him the nickname of Kunjappa, a name that stuck to him in family circles. [6] She taught him arithmetic, mythology, classical Indian music and Sanskrit. [7] According to his youngest brother R. K. Laxman, the family mostly conversed in English, and grammatical errors on the part of Narayan and his siblings were frowned upon. [8] While living with his grandmother, Narayan studied at a succession of schools in Madras, including the Lutheran Mission School in Purasawalkam,[9] C. R. C. High School, and the Christian College High School. [10] Narayan was an avid reader, and his early literary diet included Dickens, Wodehouse, Arthur Conan Doyle and Thomas Hardy. [11] When he was twelve years old, Narayan participated in a pro-independence march, for which he was reprimanded by his uncle; the family was apolitical and considered all governments wicked. [12] Narayan moved to Mysore to live with his family when his father was transferred to the Maharajahs Collegiate High School. The well-stocked library at the school, as well as his fathers own, fed his reading habit, and he started writing as well. After completing high school, Narayan failed the university entrance examination and spent a year at home reading and writing; he subsequently passed the examination in 1926 and joined Maharaja College of Mysore. It took Narayan four years to obtain his Bachelors degree, a year longer than usual. After being persuaded by a friend that taking a Masters degree (M. A. ) would kill his interest in literature, he briefly held a job as a school teacher; however, he quit in protest when the headmaster of the school asked him to substitute for the physical training master. 9] The experience made Narayan realise that the only career for him was in writing, and he decided to stay at home and write novels. [13][14] His first published work was a book review of Development of Maritime Laws of 17th-Century England. [15] Subsequently, he started writing the occasional local interest story for English newspapers and magazines. Although the writing did not pay much (his income for the first year was nine rupees and twelve annas), he had a regular life and few needs, and his family and friends respected and supported his unorthodox choice of career. 16] In 1930, Narayan wrote his first novel, Swami and Friends,[15] an effort ridiculed by his uncle[17] and rejected by a string of publishers. [8] With this book, Narayan created Malgudi, a town that creatively reproduced the social sphere of the country; while it ignored the limits imposed by colonial rule, it also grew with the various socio-political changes of British and post-independence India. [18] Turning point While vacationing at his sisters house in Coimbatore, in 1933, Narayan met and fell in love with Rajam, a 15-year-old girl who lived nearby. Despite many astrological and financial obstacles, Narayan managed to gain permission from the girls father and married her. [19] Following his marriage, Narayan became a reporter for a Madras based paper called The Justice, dedicated to the rights of non-Brahmins. The publishers were thrilled to have a Brahmin Iyer in Narayan espousing their cause. The job brought him in contact with a wide variety of people and issues. [20] Earlier, Narayan had sent the manuscript of Swami and Friends to a friend at Oxford, and about this time, the friend showed the manuscript to Graham Greene. Greene recommended the book to his publisher, and it was finally published in 1935. [3] Greene also counseled Narayan on shortening his name to become more familiar to the English-speaking audience. [21] The book was semi-autobiographical and built upon many incidents from his own childhood. [22] Reviews were favourable but sales were few. Narayans next novel The Bachelor of Arts (1937), was inspired in part by his experiences at college,[23] and dealt with the theme of a rebellious adolescent transitioning to a rather well-adjusted adult;[24] it was published by a different publisher, again at the recommendation of Greene. His third novel, The Dark Room (1938) was about domestic disharmony,[25] showcasing the man as the oppressor and the woman as the victim within a marriage, and was published by yet another publisher; this book also received good reviews. In 1937, Narayans father died, and Narayan was forced to accept a commission from the government of Mysore as he was not making any money. [26] In his first three books, Narayan highlights the problems with certain socially accepted practices. The first book has Narayan focusing on the plight of students, punishments of caning in the classroom, and the associated shame. The concept of horoscope-matching in Hindu marriages and the emotional toll it levies on the bride and groom is covered in the second book. In the third book, Narayan addresses the concept of a wife putting up with her husbands antics and attitudes. [27] Rajam died of typhoid in 1939. [28] Her death affected Narayan deeply and he remained depressed for a long time; he was also concerned for their daughter Hema, who was only three years old. The bereavement brought about a significant change in his life and was the inspiration behind his next novel, The English Teacher. 15] This book, like his first two books, is autobiographical, but more so, and completes an unintentional thematic trilogy following Swami and Friends and The Bachelor of Arts. [29][30] In subsequent interviews, Narayan acknowledges that The English Teacher was almost entirely an autobiography, albeit with different names for the characters and the change of setting in Malgudi; he also explains that the emotions detail ed in the book reflected his own at the time of Rajams death. [31] Bolstered by some of his successes, in 1940 Narayan tried his hand at a journal, Indian Thought. 32] With the help of his uncle, a car salesman, Narayan managed to get more than a thousand subscribers in Madras city alone. However, the venture did not last long due to Narayans inability to manage it, and it ceased publication within a year. [33] His first collection of short stories, Malgudi Days, was published in November 1942, followed by The English Teacher in 1945. In between, being cut off from England due to the war, Narayan started his own publishing company, naming it (again) Indian Thought Publications; the publishing company was a success and is still active, now managed by his granddaughter. 13] Soon, with a devoted readership stretching from New York to Moscow, Narayans books started selling well and in 1948 he started building his own house on the outskirts of Mysore; the house was completed in 1953. [34 ] The busy years After The English Teacher, Narayans writings took a more imaginative and creative external style compared to the semi-autobiographical tone of the earlier novels. His next effort, Mr. Sampath, was the first book exhibiting this modified approach. However, it still draws from some of his own experiences, particularly the aspect of starting his own journal; he also makes a marked movement away from his earlier novels by intermixing biographical events. [35] Soon after, he published The Financial Expert, considered to be his masterpiece and hailed as one of the most original works of fiction in 1951. [36][37] The inspiration for the novel was a true story about a financial genius, Margayya, related to him by his brother. 38] The next novel, Waiting for the Mahatma, loosely based on a fictional visit to Malgudi by Mahatma Gandhi, deals with the protagonists romantic feelings for a woman, when he attends the discourses of the visiting Mahatma. The woman, named Bharti, is a loose parody of Bharati, the personification of India and the focus of Gandhis discourses. While the novel includes significant references to the Indian independence movement, the focus is on the life of the ordinary individual, narrated with Narayans usual dose of irony. [39] Lyle Blair of Michigan State University Press (Narayans U. S. publisher), Narayan and Anthony West of The New Yorker In 1953, his works were published in the United States for the first time, by Michigan State University Press, who later (in 1958), relinquished the rights to Viking Press. [40] While Narayans writings often bring out the anomalies in social structures and views, he was himself a traditionalist; in February 1956, Narayan arranged his daughters wedding following all orthodox Hindu rituals. [41] After the wedding, Narayan began travelling occasionally, continuing to write at least 1500 words a day even while on the road. 34] The Guide was written while he was visiting the United States in 1956 on the Rockefeller Fellowship. While in the U. S. , Narayan maintained a daily journal that was to later serve as the foundation for his book My Dateless Diary. [42] Around this time, on a visit to England, Narayan met his friend and mentor Graham Greene for the first time. [28] On his return to India, The Guide was published; the book is the most representative of Narayans writing skills and elements, ambivalent in expression, coupled with a riddle-like conclusion. [43] The book won him the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1958. 44] Occasionally, Narayan was known to give form to his thoughts by way of essays, some published in newspapers and journals, others not. Next Sunday (1960), was a collection of such conversational essays, and his first work to be published as a book. [45] Soon after that, My Dateless Diary, describing experiences from his 1956 visit to the United States, was published. Also included in this collection was an essay about the writing of The Guide. [42][46] Narayans next novel, The Man-Eater of Malgudi, was published in 1961. The book was reviewed as having a narrative that is a classical art form of comedy, with delicate control. 40] After the launch of this book, the restless Narayan once again took to travelling, and visited the U. S. [13] and Australia. He spent three weeks in Adelaide, Sydney and Melbourne giving lectures on Indian literature. The trip was funded by a fellowship from the Australian Writers Group. [47] By this time Narayan had also achieved significant success, both literary and financial. He had a large house in Mysore, and wrote in a study with no fewer than eight windows; he drove a new Mercedes-Benz, a luxury in India at that time, to visit his daughter who had moved to Coimbatore after her marriage. With his success, both within India and abroad, Narayan started writing columns for magazines and newspapers including The Hindu and The Atlantic. [48] In 1964, Narayan published his first mythological work, Gods, Demons and Others, a collection of rewritten and translated short stories from Hindu epics. Like many of his other works, this book was illustrated by his younger brother R. K. Laxman. The stories included were a selective list, chosen on the basis of powerful protagonists, so that the impact would be lasting, irrespective of the readers contextual knowledge. [49] Once again, after the book launch, Narayan took to travelling broad. In an earlier essay, he had written about the Americans wanting to understand spirituality from him, and during this visit, Swedish-American actress Greta Garbo accosted him on the topic, despite his denial of any knowledge. [3] Narayans next published work was the 1967 novel, The Vendor of Sweets. It was inspired in part by his American visits a nd consists of extreme characterizations of both the Indian and American stereotypes, drawing on the many cultural differences. However, while it displays his characteristic comedy and narrative, the book was reviewed as lacking in depth. 50] This year, Narayan travelled to England, where he received the first of his honorary doctorates from the University of Leeds. [51] The next few years were a quiet period for him. He published his next book, a collection of short stories, A Horse and Two Goats, in 1970. [52] Meanwhile, Narayan remembered a promise made to his dying uncle in 1938, and started translating the Kamba Ramayanam to English. The Ramayana was published in 1973, after five years of work. [53] Almost immediately after publishing The Ramayana, Narayan started working on a condensed translation of the Sanskrit epic, the Mahabharata. While he was researching and writing the epic, he also published another book, The Painter of Signs (1977). The Painter of Signs is a bit longer than a novella and makes a marked change from Narayans other works, as he deals with hitherto unaddressed subjects such as sex, although the development of the protagonists character is very similar to his earlier creations. The Mahabharata was published in 1978. [54] The later years Narayan was commissioned by the government of Karnataka to write a book to promote tourism in the state. The work was published as part of a larger government publication in the late 1970s. 55] He thought it deserved better, and republished it as The Emerald Route (Indian Thought Publications, 1980). [56] The book contains his personal perspective on the local history and heritage, but being bereft of his characters and creations, it misses his enjoyable narrative. [46] The same year, he was elected as an honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Lette rs and won the AC Benson Medal from the Royal Society of Literature. [57] Around the same time, Narayans works were translated to Chinese for the first time. 58] In 1983, Narayan published his next novel, A Tiger for Malgudi, about a tiger and its relationship with humans. [59] His next novel, Talkative Man, published in 1986, was the tale of an aspiring journalist from Malgudi. [60] During this time, he also published two collections of short stories: Malgudi Days (1982), a revised edition including the original book and some other stories, and Under the Banyan Tree and Other Stories, a new collection. [61] In 1987, he completed A Writers Nightmare, another collection of essays about topics as diverse as the caste system, Nobel prize winners, love, and monkeys. The collection included essays he had written for newspapers and magazines since 1958. [62][63] Living alone in Mysore, Narayan developed an interest in agriculture. He bought an acre of agricultural land and tried his hand at farming. [64] He was also prone to walking to the market every afternoon, not so much for buying things, but to interact with the people. In a typical afternoon stroll, he would stop every few steps to greet and converse with shopkeepers and others, most likely gathering material for his next book. 65] In 1980, Narayan was nominated to the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Indian Parliament, for his contributions to literature. [66] During his entire six-year term, he was focused on one issue—the plight of school children, especially the heavy load of school books and the negative effect of the system on a childs creativity, which was something that he first highlighted in his debut novel, Swami and Friends. His inaugural speech was focused on this par ticular problem, and resulted in the formation of a committee chaired by Prof. Yash Pal, to recommend changes to the school educational system. [67] In 1990, he published his next novel, The World of Nagaraj, also set in Malgudi. Narayans age shows in this work as he appears to skip narrative details that he would have included if this were written earlier in his career. [68] Soon after he finished the novel, Narayan fell ill and moved to Madras to be close to his daughters family. [64] A few years after his move, in 1994, his daughter died of cancer and his granddaughter Bhuvaneswari (Minnie) started taking care of him in addition to managing Indian Thought Publications. 3][13] Narayan then published his final book, Grandmothers Tale. The book is an autobiographical novella, about his great-grandmother who travelled far and wide to find her husband, who ran away shortly after their marriage. The story was narrated to him by his grandmother, when he was a child. [69] During his final years, Narayan, ever fond of conversation, would spend almost every evening wi th N. Ram, the publisher of The Hindu, drinking coffee and talking about various topics until well past midnight. [70] Despite his fondness of meeting and talking to people, he stopped giving interviews. The apathy towards interviews was the result of an interview with Time, after which Narayan had to spend a few days in the hospital, as he was dragged around the city to take photographs that were never used in the article. [32] In May 2001, Narayan was hospitalised. A few hours before he was to be put on a ventilator, he was planning on writing his next novel, a story about a grandfather. As he was always very selective about his choice of notebooks, he asked N. Ram to get him one. However, Narayan did not get better and never started the novel. He died on 13 May 2001, in Chennai at the age of 94. [10][71] Literary review Writing style Narayans writing style was simple and unpretentious with a natural element of humour about it. [72] It focused on ordinary people, reminding the reader of next-door neighbours, cousins and the like, thereby providing a greater ability to relate to the topic. [73] Unlike his national contemporaries, he was able to write about the intricacies of Indian society without having to modify his characteristic simplicity to conform to trends and fashions in fiction writing. [74] He also employed the use of nuanced dialogic prose with gentle Tamil overtones based on the nature of his characters. 75] Critics have considered Narayan to be the Indian Chekhov, due to the similarities in their writings, the simplicity and the gentle beauty and humour in tragic situations. [76] Greene considered Narayan to be more similar to Chekhov than any Indian writer. [1] Anthony West of The New Yorker considered Narayans writings to be of the realism variety of Nikolai Gogol. [77] According to Pu litzer Prize winner Jhumpa Lahiri, Narayans short stories have the same captivating feeling as his novels, with most of them less than ten pages long, and taking about as many minutes to read. She adds that between the title sentence and the end, Narayan provides the reader something novelists struggle to achieve in hundreds more pages: a complete insight to the lives of his characters. These characteristics and abilities led Lahiri to classify him as belonging to the pantheon of short-story geniuses that include O. Henry, Frank OConnor and Flannery OConnor. Lahiri also compares him to Guy de Maupassant for their ability to compress the narrative without losing the story, and the common themes of middle-class life written with an unyielding and unpitying vision. 11] Critics have noted that Narayans writings tend to be more descriptive and less analytical; the objective style, rooted in a detached spirit, providing for a more authentic and realistic narration. [78] His attitude, coupled with his perception of life, provided a unique ability to fuse characters and actions,[79] and an ability to use ordinary events to create a connection in the mind of the reader. [80] A sign ificant contributor to his writing style was his creation of Malgudi, a stereotypical small town, where the standard norms of superstition and tradition apply. 81] Narayans writing style was often compared to that of William Faulkner since both their works brought out the humour and energy of ordinary life while displaying compassionate humanism. [82] The similarities also extended to their juxtaposing of the demands of society against the confusions of individuality. [83] Although their approach to subjects was similar, their methods were different; Faulkner was rhetorical and illustrated his points with immense prose while Narayan was very simple and realistic, capturing the elements all the same. [84] Malgudi Main article: Malgudi Malgudi is a fictional, semi-urban town in southern India, conjured by Narayan. [85] He created the town in September 1930, on Vijayadashami, an auspicious day to start new efforts and thus chosen for him by his grandmother. [86] As he mentioned in a later interview to his biographers Susan and N. Ram, in his mind, he first saw a railway station, and slowly the name Malgudi came to him. [87] The town was created with an impeccable historical record, dating to the Ramayana days when it was noted that Lord Rama passed through; it was also said that the Buddha visited the town during his travels. 88] While Narayan never provided strict physical constraints for the town, he allowed it to form shape with events in the various stories, becoming a reference point for the future. [89] Dr James M. Fennelly, a scholar of Narayans works, created a map of Malgudi based on the fictional descriptors of the town from the many books and stories. [11] Malgudi evolved with the changing political lands cape of India. In the 1980s, when the nationalistic fervor in India dictated the changing of British names of towns and localities and removal of British landmarks, Malgudis mayor and city council removed the long standing statue of Frederick Lawley, one of Malgudis early residents. However, when the Historical Societies showed proof that Lawley was strong in his support of the Indian independence movement, the council was forced to undo all their earlier actions. [90] A good comparison to Malgudi, a place that Greene characterised as more familiar than Battersea or Euston Road, is Faulkners Yoknapatawpha County. [82] Also, like Faulkners, when one looks at Narayans works, the town gets a better definition through the many different novels and stories. 91] Critical reception Narayan first broke through with the help of Graham Greene who, upon reading Swaminathan and Tate, took it upon himself to work as Narayans agent for the book. He was also instrumental in changing the title to the more appropriate Swami and Friends, and in finding publishers for Narayans next few books. While Narayans early works were not commercial successes, other authors of the time began to notice him. Somerset Maugham, on a trip to Mysore in 1938, had asked to meet Narayan, but not enough people had heard of him to actually effect the meeting. Maugham subsequently read Narayans The Dark Room, and wrote to him expressing his admiration. [92][93] Another contemporary writer who took a liking to Narayans early works was E. M. Forster,[94] an author who shared his dry and humorous narrative, so much so that Narayan was labeled the South Indian E. M. Forster by critics. [95] Despite his popularity with the reading public and fellow writers, Narayans work has not received the same amount of critical exploration accorded to other writers of his stature. [96] Narayans success in the United States came a little later, when Michigan State University Press started publishing his books. His first visit to the country was on a fellowship from the Rockefeller Foundation, and he lectured at various universities including Michigan State University and the University of California, Berkeley. Around this time, John Updike noticed his work and compared Narayan to Charles Dickens. In a review of Narayans works published in The New Yorker, Updike called him a writer of a vanishing breed—the writer as a citizen; one who identifies completely with his subjects and with a belief in the significance of humanity. [97] Having published many novels, essays and short stories, Narayan is credited with ringing Indian writing to the rest of the world. While he has been regarded as one of Indias greatest writers of the twentieth century, critics have also described his writings with adjectives such as charming, harmless and benign. [98] Narayan has also come in for criticism from later writers, particularly of Indian origin, who have classed his writings as having a pedestrian st yle with a shallow vocabulary and a narrow vision. [13] According to Shashi Tharoor, Narayans subjects are similar to those of Jane Austen as they both deal with a very small section of society. However, he adds that while Austens prose was able to take those subjects beyond ordinariness, Narayans was not. [99] A similar opinion is held by Shashi Deshpande who characterizes Narayans writings as pedestrian and naive because of the simplicity of his language and diction, combined with the lack of any complexity in the emotions and behaviours of his characters. [100] A general perception on Narayan was that he did not involve himself or his writings with the politics or problems of India, as mentioned by V. S. Naipaul in one of his columns. However, according to Wyatt Mason of The New Yorker, although Narayans writings seem simple and display a lack of interest in politics, he delivers his narrative with an artful and deceptive technique when dealing with such subjects and does not entirely avoid them, rather letting the words play in the readers mind. [98] Srinivasa Iyengar, former vice-chancellor of Andhra University, says that Narayan wrote about political topics only in the context of his subjects, quite unlike his compatriot Mulk Raj Anand who dealt with the political structures and problems of the time. 101] Paul Brians, in his book Modern South Asian Literature in English, says that the fact that Narayan completely ignored British rule and focused on the private lives of his characters is a political statement on its own, declaring his independence from the influence of colonialism. [96] In the west, Narayans simplicity of writing was well received. One of his biographers, William Walsh, wrote of his narrative as a comedic art with an inclusive vision informed by the transience and illusion of human action. Multiple Booker nominee Anita Desai classes his writings as compassionate realism where the cardinal sins are unkindness and immodesty. [102] According to Wyatt Mason, in Narayans works, the individual is not a private entity, but rather a public one and this concept is an innovation that can be called his own. In addition to his early works being among the most important English-language fiction from India, with this innovation, he provided his western readers the first works in English to be infused with an eastern and Hindu existential perspective. Mason also holds the view that Edmund Wilsons assessment of Walt Whitman, He does not write editorials on events but describes his actual feelings, applies equally to Narayan. [98] Awards and honours Narayan won numerous awards during the course of his literary career. [103] His first major award was in 1958, the Sahitya Akademi Award for The Guide. [104] When the book was made into a film, he received the Filmfare Award for the best story. In 1964, he received the Padma Bhushan during the Republic Day honours. 105] In 1980, he was awarded the AC Benson Medal by the (British) Royal Society of Literature, of which he was an honorary member. [106] In 1982 he was elected an honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters.

Equiano free essay sample

These findings have opened up a controversial debate among many literary critics ND historians, not only about whether or not Equation misrepresented his place of birth, but also about whether his fabrication of the truth makes his story any less credible. It is reasonable to believe that Equation was truthful while writing his narrative. However, even if Equation did falsely represent his place of birth and journey across the Middle Passage, he should not be chastised for his falsities, but instead hailed for his creative genius and remarkable accomplishments later in life.There is very little reason to believe Equation misconstrued the events of his early life. Cascaras findings, a 1 759 baptismal record and a 1 773 ships muster roll, are not nearly enough evidence to prove Quinoas dishonesty. While this may seem convincing to some, there are many ways to explain these misgivings. Although Equation claims he could smatter a little imperfect English (369) some time after being enslaved, this in no way made him a fluent speaker of the English language at the time. When Equation was baptized in 1 759, he had only been away from his home and his native language for 3 years, and was just beginning to get a grasp of the English ensue. When asked Where are you from? most fluent speakers would understand the question to mean Where were you born? However, with Quinoas limited knowledge at the time, he may have understood the question to mean Where did you just come from? This question most likely caused him to respond that he was from the Carolinas, his previous location. Another possible explanation could be that Equation was already attempting to assimilate into the European culture.After spending nearly three years working alongside the Englishmen at sea, Equation began to relish[deed] their society and manners (370). He no longer feared them, and the more time he spent with them, the more he actually wanted to be them. Perhaps his growing desire to resemble them, to imbibe their spirit, and imitate their manners (371), led him to lie about his African beginnings in order to appear more European. Although he could not possibly change the color of his skin, Equation took every other liberty to shed his African background and become more European.He dressed like a European, converted to Christianity, learned to read, write, and speak fluent English, and even ended his slavery y using his skills to buy his own freedom. Is it not plausible that in his quest to assimilate he attempted to drop his African heritage and adopt a more westernizes one? Unfo rtunately, not everyone can be convinced by such logic, and still suspect Equation was dishonest while writing his narrative. Whether he was born in Africa or not, Quinoas possible fabrications should not detract from the legacy he has left behind.A former slave himself, Equation knew all about the toils and strife of slavery, the horrors of the middle passage, and the unfair perspective of slaves as closer to animals than humans. It is only logical that in his new state of freedom, he make an effort to change the injustices brought upon his fellow man and embrace a new position as an abolitionist. Quinoas autobiography was perfectly timed with the rising opposition towards the slave trade. According to Vincent Garrett, the finder of Quinoas controversial documents, the narrative was published just after people have been calling for a black voice, a victim ;s voice.Whether [Equation] invented his African birth or no, he knew that what that moment needed was a first person account. And because they were going after the slave trade, it had to be an account of someone who had been born in Africa and was broug ht across the Middle passage. An African-American voice wouldnt have done it (Howard). Whether Quinoas experiences across the Middle Passage were a first hand account or not, the story they told all closely relate to many other slaves accounts during the same time period.As long as the story was an accurate representation of what crossing the Atlantic was truly like at that time, why does it matter if Equation directly experienced it or not? The autobiographys key role in the debate over ending the slave trade is what really matters, as well as the example Equation sets and the inspiration he creates in the African American culture. African Americans view him as an example of excellence and accomplishment, despite diversity. How many men at that time could say that Cathy], who had been a slave in the morning, trembling at the will of another, was become [their] own master, and completely free (389)? Quinoas place of birth does not alter the great strides he took towards ending slavery and encouraging equality b etween the lack man and the white man. Aloud Equation was a remarkable person. He was an accomplished businessman, a world traveler, an able sea hand, a former slave, a powerful abolitionist, a best-selling author, the husband of a British woman, and even the father of three daughters. Yet the debate of whether or not he is a credible, reliable source lives on. Even if Equation did create a false childhood in The Interesting Narrative, the effects of what he created were tremendous.There is much more to Equation than where he was born. Literary critics and Astoria alike should hail Equation for the positive effect he had on African history, instead of tearing him apart for using falsehoods to end the slave trade.

Marketing Research Nokia

Executive Summary Branding is indeed a very important aspect of marketing. A company that promotes its brand efficiently is bound to survive through the most difficult market conditions. This paper sets out to perform a market research of a brand experiencing a problem, and find solutions to the issue under investigation. To that end, Harley Davidson was chosen as the brand.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Marketing Research: Nokia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some of the causes of the brand’s decline included branding, mismanagement, brand neglect, failure to move with the target consumers and cost cutting. From the research findings, it was evident that the company is in need of a brand revitalization strategy. Because of this assessment, viable recommendations as to how best the company can achieve this aim have been discussed. If the recommendations provided herein are applied, Nokia will be on it s path to becoming the iconic motorbike giant it used to be during the sixties. A brand’s inability to stay with its target market may lead to its decline. When a brand starts repositioning itself in order to appeal to a new audience, it stands the risk of losing its core clients. As a result, the customers may feel alienated and neglected in the process. This happened to the Nokia brand when it decided to manufacture Smart phones that were presumably of lower quality. They lost their loyal clients and the brand declined significantly. Rebranding strategies such as product differentiation and repackaging makes a brand more attractive to existing and potential consumers. Failure to rebrand may lead to a situation whereby consumers lose interest in a brand and look for new and different alternatives. Introduction Nokia’s market share worldwide have been on the decline in the past few years as the company struggles to match the competition. The phone giant is losing its p opularity at a very high rate while competitors are very quick to fill in the gap the company leaves in the market (Reinhardt 2006). While struggling to maintain its market share in the expansive phones market, Nokia’s consumer preference is very low compared to other brands especially with the Smart phones as shown below (Dediu 2012).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, product marketing with regard to the Nokia brand would be a vital step towards helping the company to regain its market influence. Product marketing for this brand would hence involve the seven Ps of marketing (Reinhardt 2006). The seven Ps denote Product, Pricing, Place, Promotion, Packaging, Positioning, and People (Reinhardt 2006). Product marketing is far much distinct compared to product management and the difference must be appreciated in this case. Thesis statement Developing and maint aining a brand is often a complex and costly issue whose outcome concerning the brand’s lifespan or destiny cannot be predetermined. However, with the application of marketing research and strategies, declining brands can be revived amidst the prevailing market challenges (Maatz 2012). This paper shall discuss the factors that led to the decline of the Nokia brand and come up with viable marketing strategies that can be applied to revive and maintain the brand despite the harsh economic and competitive forces that prevail in today’s business environment. This shall be done by analyzing credible literature that focuses on market research, branding and total quality management. Problem definition While product management is more concerned with the details of the product and its development, product marketing is concerned with popularizing and marketing the product. This involves creating awareness of the product to prospective customers, existing customers, and others. T he nokia brand despite the great decline in sales and publicity can regain consumer confidence with proper market research (Reinhardt 2006). This will enable the company to identify the problems facing their products and help provide the solution to these problems. Every business requires information that will help it be in a position to satisfy its consumer’s needs.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Marketing Research: Nokia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The nokia phone company is one such company that would greatly benefit from conducting a market research. This owes to the declining market share in the phone industry and consequently the decline in sales (Kremp 2011). Research methods and Limitations Historic accounts In this research, a number of research methods were employed to determine the extent to which the phone company has lost its market. The methods used therefore include the historic appr oach to research, survey method, and use of questionnaires. The Historic approach in marketing research is widely used a research method by a number of companies (Sharma 2011). Studying the past of a market is an important strategy of dealing with the future of the same. Survey For the future to be securely anticipated, the past, trends, and patterns of the experiences learned must also be examined. Survey on the other hand has become a favorite research method especially in market research (Maatz 2012). This has highly been influenced by the introduction of online surveys a factor that has assisted in greatly reducing the cost of research as well as increasing its accuracy and scope. With survey, data collection is very easy and efficient while the cost of data collection is relatively low and affordable. Questionnaire This method allows for anonymity hence the candid responses from the respondents and ultimately legitimate results. The questionnaires also in the field of research are effective and this particular research will engage this data collection method in order to have accurate market information on the product mentioned above (Sharma 2011). Nonetheless, all of the above data collection methods have limitations that may affect the results hence a risk of inaccurate information.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A good example is the survey method used. In a survey, the possible answers and responses must be accounted for or else the research will miss some data hence having inaccurate information. This method is also prone to researcher errors where the researcher may make assumptions hence collecting inaccurate data (Sharma 2011). Market research In business, dealing with products and consumers requires organized efforts to collect information concerning markets and customers. The process of doing so therefore is referred to as product marketing. The Nokia brand of phones was doing very well around the year 2006 and 2009 as shown in the graph below (Dediu 2012). However, the market today has transformed technologically and the phone giant is struggling to keep the pace set by other players in the industry such as Samsung and Apple (Dediu 2012). The big question is why is it that a company of such magnitude is finding it hard to compete with the rest in the market? Conducting a research to establish the issues involved, this research found out a number of factors blamed for the decline in sales of the company. However, ineffective product marketing is the greatest cause of the decline (Kremp 2011). Problems facing the company Nokia’s problems can simply be summed up as Burning Cash. The company’s net cash dropped down by 24% in a year (Maatz 2012). To be precise, the total net worth if their losses amounted to $ 9 billion (Kremp 2011). It is even projected that with the current trend in the market and the company’s reluctance in counter attacking its lack of competitive strategies, the company may go bankrupt in the next two to three years. Attracting investors and customers The company’s future projections are not very convincing and consumers as well as investor are losing confidence in its market strength. The nokia company has been accused on many occasions to be dragging behind as far as technology in the phone industry is concerned (Savov 2011). With the growth demand for smart phones, consumers are accusing the nokia company of not living up to their expectations hence giving the competition an upper hand in the market as shown in the percentage graph below (Dediu 2012). The company as of this year is still not ready to integrate its technology with the rest of the players in the industry and this has caused them great decline in doing business as shown in the graph below (Dediu 2012). Currently, consumer preferences are shifting from communication gadgets to IT gadgets. The market for phones has dramatically taken a new shift and nokia is not effectively responding to the market shift. They are also faced with the fact that they are aiming their products at a saturated market segment not forgetting that their wage costs are on the rise (Savov 2011). Long supply chains that the company operates under in addition to the high import charges for its raw materials cause other problems. The seven Ps of marketin g Using the seven Ps of marketing, the research on how to regain market relevance for the company can be achieved. First in the list is to identify the relevance of the product (Ryan 2011). The product in this case is a phone and the industry it satisfies is the communication industry. Nokia Company should think in the lines of manufacturing IT relevant phones just as the competition is doing. ICT influence in the industry With the increased use of ICT, very few consumers want to purchase a phone for communication only. Seventy five percent of the interviewed respondents said that they want to buy a phone that puts them technologically at the same level with the increasing technology in the mobile phone industry. The second item to look at in this research is the pricing (Savov 2011). Determining what a company receives as compensation for its product through the sale of its products is vital for the survival of the company. Pricing is determined by many factors including the produc tion cost of the product. However, the price of a product can determine its volume of sales. High prices on products can have both positive as well as negative effects. By putting high prices on products, the results would turn out positive if the high price were taken as a sign of high quality production (Savov 2011). The consumers know that quality products are quite expensive and with the need to purchase high quality goods, the consumers may associate high prices with high quality. The pricing effects of a product However, this is not always the case as high prices can also influence potential buyers to purchase and pursue alternative products to circumvent the high prices. Giving a product a high price therefore should be well researched and its effects be evaluated to avoid an unanticipated loss. Another approach in pricing is selling the products at low prices, which means slightly above the production cost (Savov 2011). Through this approach, there are benefits as well as sh ortcomings. The consumer might take selling the products at a low price as a sign of low quality in production; hence, they may not be interested in buying the product. Cheap products are associated with low or bad quality and with reference to that fact, selling your products cheaply does not guarantee high sales (Murph, 2011). Nonetheless, goods sold at a cheaper price are more likely to make significant sales compared to the otherwise situation. While determining pricing for a product, it is vital to consider the manufacturing cost also known as the production cost, the market condition and the quality of the product. Price determining factors These are the three main determinants of the price of a product and are significant in determining the price. The needs of a consumer can only be satisfied with a product he or she is willing to purchase and has the ability to sue. For this reason, it’s surface to say that pricing is an important part of marketing (Savov 2011). Packa ging on the other hand is all about the physical appearance of a product and the form of presentation. The outward look of the product must be catchy and attractive to the consumer for him or her to think about buying the product. Research findings In relation to the seven Ps of marketing, the nokia company is left behind in terms of pricing, packaging, and promotion. To maintain competitiveness, the company has chosen to do so through pricing. The recent introduction of affordable gadgets from its company in Indonesia is a clear indication of the company’s determination to pursue the lower segments of the market (Murph, 2011). Nokia believes that the lower mobile market is and remains promising and hence the new entries. These could be seen as a strategy to avoid competition in the higher segment, especially the smart phones. The new entry of the low price Nokia Asha 205, a low priced smart phone, and the nokia 206-feature phone are some of the new strategies to revive the g iant phone maker’s market share (Murph, 2011). With the increased technological advancement, phone capability to be upgraded to receive new software applications is vital. The nokia Lumia failed The nokia Lumia, which is the latest smart phone by the company, is not competing effectively in the market as the manufacturer had anticipated. This is apparently because the gadget cannot be upgraded to the new operating system version, Windows Phone 8 (Dinning 2011). This means that all consumers with the old model operating systems are forced to purchase a new phone and this has been the main problem of the nokia phones. One model can be significantly different from the other hence creating a distinct difference between its products. Recommendations As noted in the above research, the nokia company has been left behind as far as technology is concerned. They have not embraced the global idea of an IT developed consumer base (Buckley 2011). Nokia would benefit more from conducting market research to identify the needs of the consumers. The company should not rely more on creating labels that symbolize their independence rather they should be more focused on the needs and wants of consumers. Easy to use gadgets Today in the market, the consumers are looking for working and easy to use operating systems and the android platform has already gained popularity among consumers (Dinning 2011). The software integrates easily with other software’s easily. Nokia should revise and adjust its pricing systems to get back fully to its position in the market. The decision for the company to focus on the lower segment of the market might have been well intended but clearly, it is not working to the advantage of the company. Opportunity The company has opportunities to improve their market share today and challenges the competition. It is also true that it has the financial capability to cease such opportunities. However, for the company to be able to rescue its declin ing market share, there are vital technological changes that need to be made. Nokia need to change and improve the technology they use in manufacturing their phones (Sharma 2011). Changing for instance the camera resolution and improving picture messaging will definitely attract consumers to buy phones under the nokia brand (Dinning 2011). Market penetration To penetrate significantly the market, the company should re-invent its products to come up with a new product that the competition does not offer (Murph 2011). The company must concentrate on strategic ways to enter into to the market, market growth, product advancement, and diversification (Buckley 2011). Nokia is the only giant phone manufacturer that specializes in mobile phone production. All others such as Samsung and Apple have diversified their production into other products like laptops, iPods, television, and other electronic devices. Market shift Researching and considering changing their market is vital just in case the current target market is saturated. The current price needs to be lowered in order to appeal to the consumers. This can be done for a while until the consumers get used to the brand then the prices can later be adjusted to reasonable prices (Dinning 2011). For a business to succeed, it has to be in a position to supply the needs of the consumer. Conclusion This research has put the nokia brand under great scrutiny in terms of sales and marketing structure. The company that was once the giant phone manufacturer is slowly declining in the market with regard to its market share. In the research, several factors that have led to the decline in sales of the brand’s products have been identified and clearly outlined. Marketing research methods that are effective in helping salvage Nokia’s lost glory also are identified in the paper (Buckley 2011). The bottom line as suggested in this research is the fact that Nokia as a company needs to change its technology in the manuf acture of phones and come up with strategies that can effectively compete with the rivals (Buckley 2011). Marketing is one of the better ways of competing in such a saturated market and to improve sales, diversification is vital. References Buckley, S. 2011, Nokia N9 to ship in Sweden on September 23, Saith awkwardly translated release. 22 June, http://www.engadget.com/2011/06/22/nokia-n9-to-ship-in-sweden-on-september-23rd-saith-awkwardly-tr/ Dediu, H. 2012. How Samsung beat Nokia. n.d., image, http://www.asymco.com/2012/04/12/how-samsung-beat-nokia/ Dinning, D. 2011, Nokia N9 Imaging. 27 June, http://conversations.nokia.com/2011/06/27/damian-dinning-on-nokia-n9-imaging/ Kozhanov, A. 2011, FM Radio for Nokia N9: First FM Radio application is available in OVI Store. http://my-meego.com/software/applications.php?fldAuto=1276faq=2 Kremp, M. 2011, Das hà ¤tte Nokias Gewinner sein kà ¶nnen. 21 June, http://www.spiegel.de/netzwelt/gadgets/smartphone-n9-das-haette-nokias-gewinner-sein-k oennen-a-769589.html a Maatz, B. 2012, Exotisches One-Hit-Wonder. 8 January. http://www.stern.de/digital/telefon/smartphone-nokia-n9-exotisches-one-hit-wonder-1770646.html Molen, B. 2011, Nokia N9 gets axed in Germany; global tour looks even more meager. 11 August, http://www.engadget.com/2011/08/11/nokia-n9-gets-axed-in-germany-global-tour-looks-even-more-meage/ Murph, D. 2011, Nokia: the N9 is not coming to America. 9 August, http://www.engadget.com/2011/08/09/nokia-the-n9-isnt-coming-to-america/ Savov, V. 2011, Edited: Dear Nokia, you cannot be serious! http://www.engadget.com/2011/06/22/editorial-dear-nokia-you-cannot-be-serious/ Savov, V. 2011, Nokia N9 review. 20 October, http://www.theverge.com/2011/10/22/2506376/nokia-n9-review Sharma, V. 2011, The N9 includes an FM transmitter receiver although the software is not ready yet. 23 June, http://newstyle.maemo.org/news/planet-maemo/?org_openpsa_qbpager_net_nehmer_blog_index_page=56 Reinhardt, A. 2006, Nokia’s Magnifi cent Mobile-Phone Manufacturing Machine. 3 August, http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2006-08-02/nokias-magnificent-mobile-phone-manufacturing-machine Ryan, P. 2011, Nokia’s new mega-based N9 is set up for failure. Ars Technica. 24 June, http://www.917wy.com/gadgets/news/2011/06/nokias-new-meego-based-n9-is-set-up-for-failure.ars This report on Marketing Research: Nokia was written and submitted by user Jordan Jefferson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.