Postmodern American Artist s Cindy Sherman And Kara...

Postmodern American artist’s Cindy Sherman and Kara Walker critique and question grand narratives of gender, race and class through their work and art practice. Cindy Sherman, born 1954, is well renowned for her conceptual portraits of female characters and personas that question the representation of women, gender identity and the true (or untrue) nature of photography (Hattenstone 2011). Kara Walker, born 1969, is known for her black silhouettes that dance across gallery walls and most recently her sugar sphinx, A Subtlety, address America’s racist slavery past (Berry 2003). These practitioners differ in their practical application of different mediums, Sherman constructs characters and scenes of stereotypical female personas in her photographs where she operates as the actress, director, wardrobe assistant, set designer and cameraman (Machester 2001). Simone Hatenstone, writer for The Guardian, states â€Å"She s a Hitchcock heroine, a busty Monroe, an abuse victim , a terrified centrefold, a corpse, a Caravaggio, a Botticelli, a mutilated hermaphrodite sex doll, a man in a balaclava, a surgically-enhanced Hamptons type, a cowgirl, a desperate clown, and we ve barely started.† (Hattenstone 2011).Whereas, Walker creates paper silhouettes that are installed into a gallery space, as writer Ian Berry describes, â€Å"The figures dance and float their way down the wall, embodying and enacting exchanges of power between characters drawn from historical romance, sexual fantasy, and theShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesand permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers

Essay on Insanity The Tell-Tale Heart by Edgar Allan Poe

â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† by Edgar Allan Poe is a first-person narrative short story that showcases an enigmatic and veiled narrator. The storyteller makes us believe that he is in full control of his mind yet he is experiencing a disease that causes him over sensitivity of the senses. As we go through the story, we can find his fascination in proving his sanity. The narrator lives with an old man, who has a clouded, pale blue, vulture-like eye that makes him so helpless that he kills the old man. He admits that he had no interest or passion in killing the old man, whom he loved. Throughout the story, the narrator directs us towards how he ends up committing a horrifying murder and dissecting the corpse into pieces. The narrator who claims to†¦show more content†¦Moreover, he tries to defend his sanity by explaining how wise and cautious he was as he was preparing for the murder. Every night he checked on the old man to make sure he got everything right and get ready to execute his plan. The narration lacks of a concrete explanation of the person or place to which it is addressed, which leaves much room for interpretation for the readers. What we can infer from the story is it is not addressed to the police officers since the narrator says he was successful in making them satisfied. Finally, the climax of the story comes as the revelation of the dead body hidden under the planks. Because the story is told as a memento, our estimation might be that the narrator is addressing a court official or personage who may influence over the judgment of the narrator. Therefore, the story that the narrator is telling is most accurately realized as an appeal for mercy rather than just being an appeal to be thought sane. We can say that â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† works on two levels of dramatic irony at the same time. The most obvious level of irony that most readers recognize and that forms the crux of so much literary analysis is that the narrators obsessive devotion to proving his sanity undermines that devotion to the point which becomes impossible to designate him as anything other than psychotic. The irony in reading this story is based upon the traditional reading that irony is a resultShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis Of Edgar Allan Poe s The Tell Tale Heart 1015 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Insane in the Membrane† Edgar Allan Poe is one of the most acclaimed short story writers of all time and is considered the father of the psychological thriller. He has achieved ever-lasting fame for his work in various fields of literature, from prose to verse. However, it is his Gothic narrative, in the short story realm he is greatest known for and is regarded as one of the foremost masters of horror that the United States has ever fashioned. The crucial component to these horror stories isRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe s The Tell Tale Heart1581 Words   |  7 PagesEdgar Allan Poe wrote many gothic stories with twisted themes and ideas. An example in his works is the conception of overthinking something that is not there. Many of these tales end with someone being killed due to the fascination of an unrealistic problem trying to be solved. Imagination is a main factor that drives the narrators to become worried. The obsessing narrators in Edgar Allan Poe’s â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart†, â€Å"Th e Black Cat†, and â€Å"The Imp of the Perverse† demonstrate the idea that guiltRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe s Life1092 Words   |  5 Pages Edgar Allan Poe lived in a constant state of struggle and misfortune. Poe was raised with no father, while his mother suffered from tuberculosis for the first three years of his life. Following the death of his mother, a young Poe moved into the house of John and Frances Allan. In his lifetime, Poe attended the University of Virginia for one semester, The United States Military Academy at West Point and enlisted in the military under an alias of â€Å"Edgar A. Perry.† (Ober, 1960) After constantly beingRead MoreSpeech In Defence Of Matt Groening970 Words   |  4 Pageswho, despite having a mountain of critics, has done nothing wrong. That man, Matt Groening, has been accused of tarnishing the works of famed poet and short story writer Edgar Allan Poe in his TV series The Simpsons. Such allegations are asinine and untrue. In fact, not only is Mr. Groening not guilty of defacing the works of Poe, but he has revived the dark romantic theme of the 1850s in a way that reflects the needs of his audience, the current society, and the modern-day person. Because of thisRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe Research Paper1375 Words   |  6 PagesEveryone Else is Pleading Insanity, Why can’t I? If one were to say that Edgar Allan Poe is a good writer, he or she is making an understatement of his work. He is one of the most critically acclaimed writers of all time. His stories have put him in a category of notoriety that also includes, Mark Twain, William Shakespeare, John Steinbeck, and Earnest Hemingway, just to name a few. Poe is most widely known for his unique obsessively dark, or gothic horror stories. To many, he is considered to beRead MoreEssay about â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† 1448 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† by Edgar Allan Poe is a first-person narrative short story that features a disguised-cum-mysterious narrator. The narrator does not reveal any interest while proving his innocence regarding the murder of the old man. Moreover, he makes us believe that he is in full control of his mind but yet suffering from a disease that causes him over acuteness of the senses. As we go through the story, we can find his obsession in proving his sanity. The narrator lives with an old man, whoRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe s The Tell Tale Heart1538 Words   |  7 PagesPotentially Mad, Potentially Genius: Edgar Allan Poe’s Style â€Å"True!—nervous—very, very dreadfully nervous I had been and am; but why will you say that I am mad?† Poe wrote this line in his â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart,† and he very well could have been speaking about himself. Many generations have debated on whether or not Edgar Allen Poe was a mad. Reviewers and readers have looked at Poe’s work for nearly two centuries, trying to pick it apart and see if it’s the ramblings of a mad man or well piecedRead MorePoes Heart Essay1456 Words   |  6 PagesEdgar Allan Poe is one of the most recognized prose poets, short story authors, and literary composers of all time. His works contain trending themes such as love, time, death and the concept of â€Å"oneness.† Poe often expressed these themes according to events that he had experienced, and some of his themes intertwined with others. Take for instance, his love for beauty and perfection played a major role in his concept of oneness, or state o f absolute fulfillment. However in his short story, The Tell-TaleRead MoreThe Importance Of Suspense In The Tell Tale Heart By Edgar Allen Poe800 Words   |  4 Pagesimportance of the readers imagination in creating a scary tale. Another well known author, Edgar Allan Poe, mastered this technique by creating story’s that draw the reader into his freighting world in one of his famous stories. In the The Tell-Tale Heart. The Tell-Tale Heart by Edgar Allen Poe is horror story because it has suspense, an internal monster, and the plot is more important than the character. One reason The Tell Tale Heart by Edgar Allan Poe is a horror story because of the suspense. The methodRead MoreThe Tell Tale Heart By Edgar Allan Poe986 Words   |  4 Pagesbade the gentlemen welcome. The shriek, I said, was my own in a dream.† The Tell Tale Heart is one of Edger Allan Poe’s most famous and creepiest stories. The premise of this gothic short story is that a man’s own insanity gives him away as a murderer. By using the narrators own thoughts as the story Poe displays the mental instability and the unique way of creating a gothic fiction. While other stories written by Poe reflect this same gothic structure and questionable sanity, this story has a

Globalization and Digital Disruption Systems

Question: Discuss about the Globalization and Digital Disruption Systems. Answer: Introduction: The progress of science in the present age has attached the tag of digital in the civilization. Except the remote areas, each corner of the Australian threshold is trapped under the digital vibes. Thanks to the attempts undertaken by the technological industry to gift innovative quality devices to the public domain (Bbc.com 2017). The outcome of these attempts is the escalation in the sales revenue of the companies, which has added a modern touch in the life of the public domain. This essay excavates the negative impacts of the globalized digitalization in the film industry, which broadens the scope and arena of this essay. The points placed in the introduction bears resemblance with the functionality of digitalization. The adoption of technologically advanced machines has brought technological advancement for the companies and organizations. As a matter of specification, with the effective and judicious utilization of these machines, the concept of manual labor has almost become extinct. Overall, digitalization has brought a modern touch to the business transactions within almost all of the industries, including the film industry (Valacich, Schneider Jessup 2012). The selection of film industry is an innovative concept, which fulfils the entertainment needs of the public domain. Attachment of the concept of disruption in this context deprives the public of quality entertainment, which is crucial after a hard days labor. In the past ages, only black and white films were produced. This was due to the absence of technologically advanced machines. However, with the advancement of civilization and technology, colors were added to the films to produce quality films. These transformations can be correlated with the life cycle of the individuals. Countering this, colors generate an urge among the infants to explore many new things, which lacked in the films of the earlier time. In other words, films in earlier times lacked digitalization, which is present in the films of the present age (Belton 2012). The major drive behind this is the presence of skilled and efficient producers and directors, who aim to add innovation to the lives of the individuals. Adoption of radio chromic films acts as a typical example of digitalization within the film industry. As a matter of specification, these radiochromic films have enabled the production staffs to develop films within spacious screens (Lewis et al., 2012). The radiations used for scanning the films are so advanced that they bring to the forefront the faults in a single examination. In order to make judicious utilization of the radiations, standards have been developed by the management staffs. Effective adherence to these standards enables the personnel to achieve the results within a short span of time. Bearing in mind the specifications of the electrical radiations adds to the management of the screening, which results in the production of quality films. Herein, lays the projection of the true essence of calibration. Non-compliance to the standards might compel the staffs to encounter hazardous instanced, which aggravates the health issues of the personnel (Lewis et al., 2012). Viewi ng it from other perspectives, this deprives the public domain of viewing films in high resolutions screens. This non-compliance might deprive the public of their visionary functionalities. In this respect, conjunction can be established with the word disruption, which aligns with the requirements of the essay. Placement of focus on Australia contradicts the globalized effect of digitalization in the whole universe. The verb globalized paves a new way in the field of digitalization. According to the revelations of (Bbc.com 2017), the media industry of Australia achieves the tag of visual effects industry. This is due to the modernization of the approach towards the production of the films. Within this, the aspect of three dimensional can in included. The production of three dimensional films have provided a thrilling experience to the public in the theatres as well as their homes. Herein, lays the conjunction with the book, Digital 3D cinema: Digital cinema's missing novelty phase. Projection of films in high resolution screens adds to the three dimensional effects, which serves the entertainment needs of the public (Belton 2012). Herein, lays the appropriateness of qualifying the reign of film industry as a novelty phase. Their wonder at the picture quality is equal to earning profit for t he film industry as a whole. The major drive behind this is the possession of fine quality screens, which accumulates the pictures in perfect alignment. Maintenance of these screens is of utmost importance. Degrading quality of the screens adversely affects the production, which deprives the humans of their entertainment needs. This aspect correlates with the word missing in the name of the book (Belton 2012). Here missing implies the misutilization of the available technology, which bears correlation with the action of disruption. These linkages broaden the scope and arena of the essay requirements. Piracy is considered as one of the other components of disruption. Delving deep into the concept of piracy, it destroys the individual talents of the producers. Countering this, pirated films sometimes act as a savior for the film industry in terms of increasing the sales revenue. The earlier sentence contradicts the true functions of copyright. Pirated films compel the personnel to encounter losses in terms of film downloads and online views (Scaria 2014). This is also a loss in terms of online marketing for the film industry. These outcomes highlight the negative outcomes for the film industry and opens up a different way for the fulfillment of the requirements of the essay. The cultural parameter of the book contradicts the usual conventions of the business. Within this, privacy acts as a deviation. Viewing it from another perspective, carrying out pirated activities degrades the personal status of the individuals as well as the industry as a whole. Countering this, adoption of co pyright authenticates and validates the business transactions of the film industry. Film production is a vast concept, which includes various parameters such as picture screening, music launch, costumes and many more. The parameter of music gets highlighted in the online article entitled, Is streaming technology saving the music industry? The effect of the technological advancement is so widespread that its repercussions can be found within the music industry (Bbc.com 2017). The selection of the music industry might act as a deviation from the essay requirements; however, it broadens the perspectives that help in speculating the real outcomes of the modernized technology, rather globalized technology. The adjective streaming can be linked with the experiments with the radiations, which produce fine picture quality to be projected in the films. The question mark raises doubts over the future of the film industry with the utilization of the available technology. The action of saving might generate hope in terms of extending a helping hand towards these industries. Cou ntering this, judicious utilization of the available technology, acts as an appropriate address towards the question proposed by the article. Taking a cue from this article, exposure of negligence attitude towards the judicious utilization might make the position of the personnel vulnerable (Bbc.com 2017). Herein, correlation can be established with the article entitled, Will globalization take away your job? The questioning tone of this article aligns with the vulnerability of the designation of the film industry personnel. Critical review of both the article projects the uncertainty in terms of a bright and prospective future with the means of technological globalization. Counter arguing this critical reflection, incapability towards judicious utilization of the available technology aligns with the action of interplay based on employment grounds (Bbc.com 2017). In view of the diversified effects of globalization, the questioning tone of the above articles is contradicted. Herein, lays the effectiveness of the ways adopted by the companies to bring innovation within the design of the products. Specific example in this direction is the declaration of smart cities through the provision of free Wi-Fi. Access of internet from every corner of Australia is itself an evidence of the globalised effect of digitalization. Throughout the essay, it has been established that judicious utilization of the available technology projects the true essence of the terms digitalization. Effective adherence to the norms of the regulatory framework acts as a protective cover watch for the film industry in terms of maintaining the balance between the production activities. As a matter of specification, presence of carbon footprints in the screens or radiations relates with the word dirt in the book entitled, Dirt Research for Media Industries (Acland 2014). The research links to the experimentation with the qualities of the screens for producing refined quality films. Mitigation of adopting wrong ways would itself reduce the dirt from the business activities of the film industry. Further, promoting fake information about the activities of the industry would enhance its popularity. Market research possesses enough flexibility to inform the personnel of the film industry about the technologically advanced machines. As a sequential step, creation and development of plans for knowing the operations of the machines would help the staffs to calculate the effectiveness of the device in terms of the business requirements of the industry (Valacich, Schneider Jessup 2012). Most importantly, bearing in mind the specific needs and demands of the customer would act assistance in producing quality films. Furthermore, adoption of social media marketing would act as a direct alignment with the globalized effect of digitalization in the film industry of Australia. The essay emerges successful in speculation of the proposed issue of globalization and digitalization. The major drive behind this is the return to the introductory issue at the end of the essay. Herein, lays the major drive behind this success. References Acland, C. R. (2014). Dirt Research for Media Industries.Media Industries,1(1). bbc.com (2017) Is Streaming technology saving the music industry?. Retrieved 30 March 2017, from https://www.bbc.com/news/business-28023116 Bbc.com (2017) The Rise of Australian visual effects industry. Retrieved 30 March 2017, from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-31545807 Bbc.com (2017) Will globalization take away your job?. Retrieved 30 March 2017, from https://www.bbc.com/news/business-38600270 Belton, J. (2012). Digital 3D cinema: Digital cinema's missing novelty phase.Film History: An International Journal,24(2), 187-195. Lewis, D., Micke, A., Yu, X., Chan, M. F. (2012). An efficient protocol for radiochromic film dosimetry combining calibration and measurement in a single scan.Medical physics,39(10), 6339-6350. Scaria, A. G. (2014).Piracy in the Indian Film Industry: Copyright and Cultural Consonance. Cambridge University Press. Valacich, J. S., Schneider, C., Jessup, L. M. (2012).Information systems today: Managing in the digital world. Prentice Hall.

Computer Viruses Essay Example For Students

Computer Viruses Essay A computer virus is an illegal and potentially damaging computer program designed to infect othersoftware by attaching itself to any software it contacts. In many cases, virus programs are designed todamage computer systems maliciously by destroying or corrupting data. If the infected software istransferred to or accessed by another computer system, the virus spreads to the other system. Viruses havebecome a serious problem in recent years, and currently, thousands of known virus programs exist (Reed85-102). Three types of viruses are boot sector virus, file virus, and Trojan horse virus. A boot sector virusinfects the boot program used to start the system. When the infected boot program executes, the virus isloaded into the computers memory. Once a virus is in a memory, it can spread to any floppy disk insertedinto the computer. A file virus inserts virus code into program files. The virus then spreads to any programthat accesses the infected file. A Trojan horse virus (named after a Greek myth) hides within or is designedto look like a legitimate program. Some viruses interrupt processing by freezing a computer system temporarily and then displayingsounds or messages. Other viruses contain time bombs or logic bombs. A time bomb is a program thatperforms an activity on a particular date.A logic bomb is a program that performs an activity when acertain action occurs, such as an employee being terminated. A worm, which is similar to a virus, copiesitself repeatedly until no memory or disc space remains. To detect computer viruses, antivirus programs have been developed. Besides detecting viruses,antivirus programs also have utilities to remove or repair infected programs and files. Some damaged filescannot be repaired and must be replaced with uninfected backup files. The table below outlines sometechniques used to protect computer systems. TableTechniques for Virus Protection and System BackupUsing Virus Protection SoftwareBacking up Your SystemInstall virus protection software on every computer system.Develop a regular plan for copying andstoring important data and program files. Before use, scan every floppy disk with a virus scan program to check for viruses.Implement abackup plan and adhere to its guidelines. Check all programs downloaded from the Internet or bulletin boards for viruses.Keep backup copies offiles in fireproof safes or vaults off-site. If your system becomes virus infected and you have questions, contact the National Computer SecurityAssociation (NCSA) for low-cost assistance (Elmhurst, 6 Nov. 1998). Works CitedChambers, Anita R., and Zachary W. Peters. Protecting Against Virus Attacks.Computers May1998: 45-62. Elmhurst, Mark. Virus Infection: Where to Obtain AssistanceWord 97, Project 3. http://www.scsite.com/wd97/pr3.htm (6 Nov. 1998). Reed, Margaret E. An Introduction to Using Computers. Chicago: West Davidson JonesPublishing Company, 1998.

Hesters Story Essays - English-language Films, The Scarlet Letter

Hester's Story Hester's Story Regarding The Scarlet Letter, the subject of of the main character has been widely debated by all. Some say that it is Hester's story, while others insist that it is Dimmesdale's story. Personally, it's quite obvious to me that the novel is centered around Hester, for she's the character that develops and grows the most. Throughout the story, Hester matured, became more independent and earned the respect of the townspeople. When Hester was first released from prison, she was openly defiant towards the townspeople. To rebel against her punishment, she elaborately embroidered the scarlet A into a beautiful work of art. Her pride demanded that she held her head high and not conform to the Puritan ways. ?Those who had before know her?in which she was enveloped.? (56). As the story progressed, Hester put aside her pride and placed her priority in Pearl, her daughter. She learned to be more self-reliant and when forced to take up embroidery to support her child. In addition, she worked hard to remain chaste and help the unfortunate to build a role for Pearl as the daughter of a respected woman, instead of as an illegitimate bastard of a condemned criminal. Hester's dilligence and kindness won over the respect and admiration of the townspeople, who had earlier ostracized her. She provided help and comfort for all that needed them. Soon, even the interpretation of her punishment changed. People began to say that the scarlet A meant Able, for it reprented Hester's helpfulness. Do you see that woman with the embroidered badge?' they would say to strangers. ?It is our Hester-the town's own Hester, who is so kind to the poor, so helpful to the sick, so comfortable to the afflicted.'? From the very beginning, Hester took responsibility for her actions. She never revealed the name of her ex-lover, Dimmesdale, because she believed that it was her duty to face the consequences. In order to secure a promising future for her daughter, Hester tossed aside her pride to transform into a model citizen. By making the best out of her circumstances, she earned the admiration of her peers, who were impressed by her courage and determination. After leaving New England to arrange a marriage for Pearl, Hester returned by her own free will to live out the terms of her punishment. ?But, in the lapse of the toilsome, thoughtful, and self-devoted years that made up Hester's life, the scarlet letter ceased to be a stigma which attracted the world's scorn and bitterness, and became a type of something to be sorrowed over, and looked upon with awe, yet with reverance too.? (273). Through it all, she matured and grew not only as a woman, but also as a survivor. English Essays

The Battle of Atlanta in the American Civil War

The Battle of Atlanta in the American Civil War The Battle of Atlanta was fought July 22, 1864, during the  American Civil War  (1861-1865) and saw Union forces under Major General William T. Sherman win a near-run victory. The second in a series of battles around the city, the fighting centered on a Confederate attempt to defeat Major General James B. McPhersons Army of the Tennessee east of Atlanta. While the attack did achieve some success, including killing McPherson, it was ultimately repulsed by Union forces. Following the battle, Sherman shifted his efforts to the western side of the city. Strategic Background Late July 1864 found Major General William T. Shermans forces approaching Atlanta. Nearing the city, he pushed  Major General George H. Thomas Army of the Cumberland toward Atlanta from the north, while  Major General John Schofields Army of the Ohio neared from the northeast. His final command, Major General James B. McPhersons Army of the Tennessee, moved towards the city from Decatur in the east. Opposing the Union forces was the Confederate Army of Tennessee which was badly outnumbered and undergoing a change in command. Major General William T. Sherman. Photograph Courtesy of the National Archives Records Administration Throughout the campaign, General Joseph E. Johnston had pursued a defensive approach as his sought to slow Sherman with his smaller army. Though he had been repeatedly flanked out of several positions by Shermans armies, he had also forced his counterpart of fight bloody battles at Resaca and Kennesaw Mountain. Increasingly frustrated by Johnstons passive approach, President Jefferson Davis relieved him on July 17 and gave command of the army to Lieutenant General John Bell Hood. An offensive-minded commander, Hood had served in General Robert E. Lees Army of Northern Virginia and had seen action in many of its campaigns including the fighting at Antietam and Gettysburg. At the time of the change in command, Johnston had been planning an attack against Thomas Army of the Cumberland. Due to the imminent nature of the strike, Hood and several other Confederate generals requested that the command change be delayed until after the battle but they were denied by Davis. Lieutenant General John B. Hood. Photograph Courtesy of the National Archives Records Administration Assuming command, Hood elected to move forward with the operation and he struck at Thomas men at the  Battle of Peachtree Creek  on July 20. In heavy fighting, the Union troops mounted a determined defense and turned back Hoods assaults. Though unhappy with the result, it did not deter Hood from remaining on the offensive. Fast Facts: Battle of Atlanta Conflict: Civil War (1861-1865)Dates: July 22, 1863Armies Commanders:United StatesMajor General William T. ShermanMajor General James B. McPhersonapprox. 35,000 menConfederacyGeneral John Bell Hoodapprox. 40,000 menCasualties:United States: 3,641Confederacy: 5,500 A New Plan Receiving reports that McPhersons left flank was exposed, Hood commenced planning an ambitious strike against the Army of the Tennessee. Pulling two of his corps back into Atlantas inner defenses, he ordered Lieutenant General William Hardees corps and  Major General Joseph Wheelers cavalry to move out on the evening of July 21. Hoods attack plan called for the Confederate troops to swing around the Union flank to reach Decatur on July 22. Once in the Union rear, Hardee was to advance west and take McPherson from the rear while Wheeler attacked the Army of the Tennessees wagon trains. This would be supported by a frontal assault on McPhersons army by  Major General Benjamin Cheathams corps. As the Confederate troops began their march, McPhersons men had entrenched along a north-south line east of the city. Union Plans On the morning of July 22, Sherman initially received reports that the Confederates had abandoned the city as Hardees men had been seen on the march. These quickly proved to be false and he resolved to begin cutting the rail links into Atlanta. To accomplish this, he sent orders to McPherson instructing him to send Major General Grenville Dodges XVI Corps back to Decatur to tear up the Georgia Railroad. Having received reports of Confederate activity to the south, McPherson was reluctant to obey these orders and questioned Sherman. Though he believed his subordinate was being overly cautious, Sherman agreed to postpone the mission until 1:00 p.m. Major General James B. McPherson. Photograph Courtesy of the Library of Congress McPherson Killed Around noon, with no enemy attack having materialized, Sherman directed McPherson to send Brigadier General John Fullers division to Decatur while Brigadier General Thomas Sweenys division would be allowed to remain in position on the flank. McPherson drafted the necessary orders for Dodge, but before they were received the sound of firing was heard to the southeast. To the southeast, Hardees men were badly behind schedule due to a late start, poor road conditions, and a lack of guidance from Wheelers cavalrymen. Due to this, Hardee turned north too soon and his lead divisions, under Major Generals William Walker and William Bate, encountered Dodges two divisions which were deployed on an east-west line to cover the Union flank. While Bates advance on the right was hampered by swampy terrain, Walker was killed by a Union sharpshooter as he formed his men. As a result, the Confederate assault in this area lacked cohesion and was turned back by Dodges men. On the Confederate left, Major General Patrick Cleburnes division quickly found a large gap between Dodges right and the left of Major General Francis P. Blairs XVII Corps. Riding south to the sound of the guns, McPherson also entered this gap and encountered the advancing Confederates. Ordered to halt, he was shot and killed while trying to escape (Map). Major General Patrick Cleburne. Photograph Courtesy of the Library of Congress The Union Holds Driving on, Cleburne was able to attack the flank and rear of XVII Corps. These efforts were supported by Brigadier General George Maneys division (Cheathams Division) which assaulted the Union front. These Confederate attacks were not coordinated which allowed the Union troops to repel them in turn by rushing from one side of their entrenchments to the other. After two hours of fighting, Maney and Cleburne finally attacked in conjunction forcing Union forces to fall back. Swinging his left back in an L-shape, Blair centered his defense on Bald Hill which dominated the battlefield. In an effort to aid Confederate efforts against XVI Corps, Hood ordered Cheatham to attack Major General John Logans XV Corps to the north. Sitting astride the Georgia Railroad, XV Corps front was briefly penetrated through an undefended railroad cut. Personally leading the counterattack, Logan soon restored his lines with the aid of artillery fire directed by Sherman. For the remainder of the day, Hardee continued to assault the bald hill with little success. The position soon became known as Leggetts Hill for Brigadier General Mortimer Leggett whose troops held it. Fighting died off after dark though both armies remained in place. To the east, Wheeler succeeded in occupying Decatur but was prevented from getting at McPhersons wagon trains by a skillful delaying action conducted by Colonel John W. Sprague and his brigade. For his actions in saving the wagon trains of the XV, XVI, XVII, and XX Corps, Sprague received the Medal of Honor. With the failure of Hardees assault, Wheelers position in Decatur became untenable and he withdrew to Atlanta that night.   Aftermath The Battle of Atlanta cost Union forces 3,641 casualties while Confederate losses totaled around 5,500. For the second time in two days, Hood had failed to destroy a wing of Shermans command. Though a problem earlier in the campaign, McPhersons cautious nature proved fortuitous as Shermans initial orders would have left the Union flank completely exposed. In the wake of the fighting, Sherman gave command of the Army of the Tennessee to Major General Oliver O. Howard. This greatly angered XX Corps commander Major General Joseph Hooker who felt entitled to the post and blamed Howard for his defeat at the Battle of Chancellorsville. On July 27, Sherman resumed operations against the city by shifting to the west side to cut the Macon Western Railroad. Several additional battles occurred outside of the city before Atlantas fall on September 2.

Illegal employment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Illegal employment - Essay Example Hence, this research will focus mainly on evaluating whether the rights of illegal migrant workers are given protection. It will also be analyzed whether the EU policies and laws on these workers veer towards a more liberal and humanitarian approach as embodied in the EU Constitution. These aims can be achieved through careful scrutiny of policies and laws under which illegal migrant workers can assert protection of rights or bring to action their claims and grievances. International cooperation must also be examined as to the impact it has on migration in a region such as the EU. Through analyzing and evaluating the rights of illegal migrant workers through means of thorough study of the existing policies and laws concerning these workers, it will be found out whether or not the migrant workers are given equal protection under the law. The influx of migrant workers, both legal and illegal in status has been considered a major concern for the governments of Western European countries. Questions with regards to their legality and their impact on the host countries’ economy have caused controversy and heated debates (Layton-Henry, 1990). OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) member countries have also stepped up their efforts to fight illegal entry and employment of migrant workers, yet, illegal entry of migrant workers into the EU member states has continued to increase. As a result, the OECD most recently augmented cooperation at both EU community level and the national level. The OECD (2000) has also affirmed its policies to curb and prevent illegal employment of foreigners. Due to the influx of migrant workers throughout Europe, the OECD has shown that they indeed fight for migrant workers rights and are not lax in this area on both the community and national level. A major concern on the part of European nations in regards to immigrants in general is the hardships that the nation

Tesla electrical car Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Tesla electrical car - Essay Example This essay will focus on the marketing method for a special product of the famous automobile company named Tesla Motors Inc (Marchionne, 2009). Product Identification The company of Tesla primarily engages in the production and sales of hybrid or electric cars. The researcher would introduce the brief marketing strategy of the Model S electric car for the company. This car is basically an electric car with seven seats manufactured by the company. The car is characterized with a rigid body structure. The weight proportion distributed in the car is 50-50. It is claimed that this car has a low centre of gravity. The company claims that the features of the car qualify it to be an efficient sports car. However, the external appearance of the car looks like a top class Sedan (Teslamotors, 2013). Figure 1: Model S (Source: Teslamotors, 2013) It is claimed by the company that the acceleration of the car is instantaneous owing to the inbuilt power train technology used for manufacturing the c ar. The form of energy used in the car is gasoline. The car also has a multilink suspension system that provides complete comfort to the users. The smooth power steering of the car is found to react automatically to any changes in the driving conditions (Teslamotors, 2013). Target Market The above context clearly shows that the Model S of Tesla is an efficient car that is well equipped with a lot of advanced technical features. However, while formulating its product marketing (Model S), the company needs to strategically focus on the target customers. All the marketing activities would be then formulated on the basis of the needs and preferences of the consumers. Market Opportunities After the emergence of globalization in 1990, the developing economies in the world have significantly grown up by enjoying the benefits of industrial revolution in the developed economies. The company through its marketing strategies should grasp the growing market demand in the emerging economies of t he world. It is found that the countries like, Russia, India, China and Brazil, are enjoying the fruits of economic development in the form of rise in their per capita income levels. The rise in per person income has increased the level of luxurious demand that is created by the individuals in these economies. The Tesla company must try to grasp the growing market demand of individuals in these economies (Mom, 2004). Today, the consumers are highly conscious about the protection and preservation of environment. This is the reason due to which the electric vehicles are now on high demand in the market. Model S of Tesla comprises of all the good features that a modern electric car should possess. Thus, the growing market demand of the electric cars provides an excellent opportunity for the company to sell its desired product in the market. Rather, the degree of urbanization in countries across the globe is improving and has significantly increased the demand for cars in the market. Th e gross revenue generated by the entire automobile industry has increased in the last few years. So, the rising living standards of the individuals, growing consciousness about environmental protection and the booming aggregate demand in the automobile industry are the primary market opportunities for Tesla’

Essentials of contemporary communication Assignment

Essentials of contemporary communication - Assignment Example The three skills most in demand are ability for versatile teamwork, problem solving, and communication. People are expected to work well with others and be able to switch easily from team to team, depending on the project. This implies a capacity for quick learning, high adaptability, and composure under pressure. This is an extension of teaming up and versatility a work. People who can recognize problems and implement solutions are esteemed by companies. Not only the management needs them; such people are the darlings of colleagues everywhere, and also of HR managers. Such people are blessed with the traits of thinking creatively, visualizing and suggesting solutions, knowing what to learn and how to do that at the right time. Communication skills are not just for professional advancement. Even as a personal trait it is very essential to be a welcome member of any group in family or society. But it has an added significance in the workplace—from performing the routine work, to securing timely promotions and wage hikes. Today’s communication needs can be classified broadly into three areas—written, oral and technological. Written: lot of documentation, reporting, correspondence and filling up of forms is involved in usual work. Excellence in these areas is necessary to cut one’s way through career goals. Oral: Simple speech communication matters a lot in today’s workplace. Good skills at this is needed for successfully selling your ideas to your manager for project approval, happy appraisal of work done and moving up the career ladder, giving instructions, understanding instructions and implementing things, maintaining rapport with co-workers of different levels and tempe rament, fruitful telephonic deals, interviewing people and gathering information, making presentations and a lot more. Technology: Proficiency with communication channels like telephone, fax, email,

The Principle Of Common But Differentiated Responsibilities Politics Essay

The Principle Of Common But Differentiated Responsibilities Politics Essay Introduction The assertion that climate change is anthropogenic and poses a serious threat to humanity is considered a valid argument by many schools of thought. This argument presents a platform for continual dialogue and negotiations between nations, supported with actions towards mitigating climate change and its threats. Resulting from several negotiations, which are not without controversy, are agreements, plans and policies such as the Kyoto Protocol, the Montreal Action Plan, the Rio Declaration and the Bali Road Map etc. all fashioned to ensure collective and wide participation amongst states in addressing climate change. Also, as part of global efforts, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), established by the United Nations (UN), is assigned the task of generating guidelines and reports and also assessing the effects of climate change and the adequacy of response measures (Svensson, 2008). In addition, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is adopted by many states in order to prevent this negative change by mainly minimising the amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission into the atmosphere (Svensson, 2008; Ringius et al., 2002). However, concerns have been raised about the efficacy and feasibility of some of these agreements, plans and frameworks as measures for controlling and managing climate change (Monbiot, 2006; Pinguelli-Rosa and Munasinghe, 2002; Hardy, 2003). These concerns call for unbiased reviews of climate change mitigation measures and the principles behind them within different framings of the problem. In this paper, I discuss a key principle behind climate change mitigation measures. I weigh the value of equity in climate change mitigation and identify the advantages and disadvantages of adopting the principle of common but differentiated responsibility (CBDR). In conclusion, I make a case for introducing viable principles as measures for tackling climate change. EQUITY IN CLIMATE CHANGE Climate change can be framed as a single or combination of issues such as ethical, political, historical, scientific, security and health issues etc (Randall, 2010). However, one can argue that although the universal perception of the magnitude of climate change is hinged mainly on scientific claims and evidence, this perception is broadened within the other issues or framings mentioned. Principles and mechanisms to control climate change are proposed, developed and implemented at local and international scales around these framings (Randall, 2010). Nonetheless, one consequential factor underlying these scales and framings is inequity (Pinguelli-Rosa and Munasinghe, 2002). Incidentally, equity is arguably the starting point of the discourse on climate change mitigation (Barkham, 1995). It forms the crux and as well constitutes the bane of many debates and negotiations on climate change (Ashton and Wang, 2003). Yet, Pinguelli-Rosa and Munasinghe (2002) contend that equity is not adequ ately addressed in key agreements and documents relating climate change. Contrary to this claim, Ashton and Wang (2003) argue that equity permeates UN negotiations and agreements on climate change. Equitable participation is to a large extent dependent on the understanding of the challenges posed by climate change (Skea and Green, 1997). On these premises, I argue that the explicit understanding of equity in the context of climate change at a local or international scale sets the stage for fairness in dealing with climate change problems. Notwithstanding, it is important to mention that it is difficult to reach a consensus on equity since it is reliant on different philosophical beliefs and notions (Ikeme, 2003). While it can be argued that climate change is a common problem, it also fair to recognise that responsibilities and impacts vary (Harris, 1999; Ashton and Wang, 2003). Consequently, differences and disagreements emerge. The phrase, unfair advantage in climate change negotiations, questions the practicability of equity and the comprehension of the common and differential nature of this global challenge. This undermines efforts to obtain viable solutions (Skea and Green, 1997). The mere recognition of inequity or equity may be considered a reasonable act of justice and key to solving the climate change problem. Thus, I put forward that the acceptance of equity as an integral component of negotiations opens up rather chaotic but pertinent twists in the climate change debate which on one hand can promote the efforts towards mitigating climate change and on the other hand serve as a conundrum against solutions. To explore these arguments and make a case for viable climate change solutions, the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDR) as a tool for negotiating climate change solutions is defined and dissected at an international scale. This principle is equity-based and has been applied in key climate change negotiations (Ikeme, 2003; Okereke, 2008; Matsui, 2004; Ashton J. and Wang X., 2005). Principle 7 of the Rio Declaration, 1992 Common but differentiated responsibility (CBDR) The application of this principle in the climate change saga has its origin from the UNFCCC Rio Earth summit of 1992 (Harris, 1999; Ashton and Wang, 2003; Matsui, 2004). It is regarded as the key principle in addressing the problem of GHG emissions in the Kyoto protocol (Matsui, 2004; Harris, 1999). The principle of CBDR is established on the grounds of equity and fairness and demands more responsibility from developed countries in a global participation towards seeking climate change solutions (Harris, 1999; Ashton and Wang, 2003; Matsui, 2004). The principle states that: States shall cooperate in a spirit of global partnership to conserve, protect and restore the health and integrity of the Earths ecosystem. In view of the different contributions to global environmental degradation, States have common but differentiated responsibilities. The developed countries acknowledge the responsibility that they bear in the international pursuit of sustainable development in view of the pressures their societies place on the global environment and of the technologies and financial resources they command. (Source: United Nations Environment Programme, UNEP, www.unep.org) This principle has come under close scrutiny and criticism in the climate change mitigation debate. Both the developing and developed states remain sceptical about this principle (French, 2000; Okereke, 2008). Why the principle of CBDR? Given the complexity of issues and arguments arising from climate change debates, one can only wonder how decisions can be regarded as fair and equitable (Ashton and Wang, 2003; Carzola and Toman, 2000). And if they are regarded as such how can their efficiency be measured? Outlining the reasons behind the application of this principle in this discourse sets the stage for a thorough analysis of its strengths and weaknesses. These reasons are: To distinguish between the contributions of the developed and developing states in the emission of GHG and subsequently determine their contributions in remedying the problem (Weisslitz, 2002; Pinguelli-Rosa and Munasinghe, 2002). To ensure financial aid and clean technology transfer to the developing states as a measure of mitigating climate change (Ashton and Wang, 2003; Shah, 2009). To provide a philosophical and legal support for achieving the objectives of key international agreements such as the Kyoto protocol etc. [note: this principle is not a legal obligation] (McManus, 2009; Rajamani, 2000). Identification and analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the Principle of CBDR as a solution to climate change In relating CBDR to answering the following questions: who should accept responsibility for climate change? and on what basis should responsibilities be assigned, one can explore the pros and cons of this principle within different framings. The ambiguous nature of this principle in global climate change negotiations warrants answering these questions at an international scale. Livermann (2008) reinforces this assertion by pointing out that the challenge of the blame game in assigning responsibilities to states is controlled under negotiations driven by the principle of CBDR. Nevertheless, she concedes that there controversies in applying this principle. Strengths First, from a historical framing, it is difficult to reconcile the contribution of different polluters on an international scale over a long period of time (Caney, 2005). Attributing emissions directly to a country (from which the emission emanate) is impractical largely because GHG get completely mixed up in the atmosphere, which fundamentally has no boundary (Pinguelli-Rosa and Munasinghe, 2002). On this basis, the principle identifies a common responsibility (Pinguelli-Rosa and Munasinghe, 2002) for all states. This common responsibility is intrinsic in climate change negotiations and forms the fulcrum of viable agreements. During the era of massive global industrialisation, a lot GHG were released into the atmosphere (Stern, 2006; Pinguelli-Rosa and Munasinghe, 2002; Hardy, 2003). But the impact of distribution of these GHG is irrespective of who is responsible (Ikeme, 2003). The need for historical accountability became obvious during climate change negotiations (Neumayer, 2000). In this regard, the CBDR recognises that there are historical differences in emissions between the developing and the developed states and between developed states (Hepburn and Ahmad, 2005). In the words of Ikeme (2003, pp 7), bygones are not bygones. On this note one can argue that this principle is progressive in an intergenerational context. It considers how the emissions of the past can affect the future. It also establishes a moral and ethical basis for environmental justice which cannot be legally guaranteed (Kamminga, 2008; Ikeme, 2003). There are strong indications that climate change has an impact on the worlds economy (Stern, 2006). Similarly, the worlds economy has a hand in climate change. The economic boom which accompanied the industrialisation of the developed states arguably played a major role in aggravating climate change, leaving developing states and future generations at more peril to its effects (Barker, 2008; Stern 2006). This peril is more obvious due to the economic gap between these states. The CDBR is applied to this effect to bridge the economic gap between states, even though its application remains contentious (Najam et al., 2003; Ramajani, 2000). In the Kyoto protocol, economic based mechanisms adopted to mitigate climate change show the global proposition for shared responsibility (Halvorssen, 2007; Vashist, 2009). The CBDR is clearly one principle behind economic agreements of shared responsibility in the Kyoto protocol (Harris, 1999; Vashist, 2009). Thus CBDR is formulated to meet economic needs of states while tackling climate change. The CBDR also saves developing states the cost of engaging in stringent carbon cut regulations, thereby indirectly helping to build their economies in order to close the gap with the developed states. Through the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto protocol, this principle arguably enhances the investment in clean technology globally, promoting ecological modernisation in the process. More so, CBDR facilitates the need for developed states to provide technological and financial assistance to the developing states for combating climate change (Scarpace, unknown). Developed states get credits under the CDM for avoiding emissions. Though, McManus (2009) argues that through the CDM, developing states meet sustainable development targets, I remain sceptical about this claim since the developing states remain at the core of disagreements in negotiations. I argue my case in the next section. Matsui (2004) and Harris (1999) suggest that the CBDR encourages the developing states to participate in climate change negotiations by pressurizing the developed states to bear the greater responsibility in the interim. However, there is need to back up this encouragement with actions. It seems encouragement is not enough judging from the GHG emission levels of countries like Brazil, China and India. While these countries are not committed to reducing their emissions now, I suggest this principle serves as legacy to ensure their future compliance and commitment in climate change mitigation initiatives, especially as they are at the forefront of pressing the developed states to comply with the Kyoto agreements. When aligned with neoliberal economic ideas and structures, the CBDR is usually successful (Okereke, 2008, pp 26). I argue that these ideas and structures are entwined in some of the mechanisms of the Kyoto protocol which encourage private participation in climate change mitigation such as the CDM. The introduction of equity based norms such as CBDR in approaching global environmental issues such as climate change shows the consideration of justice and equity in facing the challenge (Okereke, 2008). Weaknesses On the contrary, the interpretation of the principle of CBDR sparks controversy in the allocation of historical responsibility to states. Liverman (2000) argues that this favours the developed states. She also points out that while developing states have low emissions with high vulnerability; developed states have high emissions with low vulnerability. Hence, the basic interpretation of this principle is devoid of issues on vulnerability which is a big problem. Thus, one can infer that this principle is fundamentally constructivist and to a large extent uncaring about the issue of vulnerability of some states to climate change. By virtue of this assertion, there is no firm commitment by developed states to aid countries such as Bangladesh and the Maldives which are more vulnerable to the rise in sea levels. The case of vulnerability is can be appreciated more from a health perspective. The emergence of many diseases is now attributed to the increasing global temperatures (Patz et al. , 2007) and now climate change is seen as a threat to global human health (Cambell-Lendrum et al., 2007). It is also considered the largest health inequity of our time (Patz et at., 2007 pp.397). There is a notable asymmetry in vulnerability to diseases between the developed and developing states in favour of the developed states (Hardy, 2003, Patz et al., 2007, Cambell-Lendrum et al., 2007). The CBDR alignment with the aftermath of GHG emissions is myopic. This principle is not modelled to advance sustainable development in the developing states. (Scarpace, Unknown). The exportation of unclean technology by developed states to developing states for financial benefits is contrary to the objective of sustainable development. Many heavy polluting multinational industries now establish their plants in developing states where there are no stringent emission regulations. By virtue of the CBDR, the weight of responsibility on developing countries to voluntarily cut GHG emissions is insignificant (Scarpace, unknown). Though, some schools of thought will argue that setting targets for developing states will limit their growth and possibly widen the economic gap which the principle aims to narrow (Pinguelli-Rosa and Munasinghe, 2002), I maintain that there should be some sort of commitment from developed nations based on this principle or a reviewed principle because climate change still remains a common problem. A scenario where some states with historically insignificant emissions but are now are big emitters with strong economic capabilities, is not adequately depicted in the CBDR. Due to their economic capacities some of these developing states can fully participate in reduction of GHG. Under the guise of the principle, these states like China do so little to solve the problem (Scarpace, Unknown). The ambiguity of this principle questions the level at which the principle should be adopted. Caney (2005) suggests that this principle may fit international interests but neglects lower level interest such as local national interests and individual interests. Finally, Matsui (2004) argues the CBDR has a propensity for what he calls double standard or what Okereke (2008) refers to as responsibility deficit where the willingness to act responsibly is superseded by cost-benefits. This contention is made worse on the grounds that the CBDR principle is not legally binding, irrespective of the fact that the Kyoto protocol was signed into law (Matsui, 2004; French, 2000). Also, the pressing economic needs of states may result in limited devotion of resources necessary for global solutions to climate change (French, 2000). There is also a sense of caution and competition amongst the developed countries such that they want to avoid any condition that may result in unfair economic advantage (Green and Skea, 1997, pp 3). More so, Okereke (2008) asserts that the nature of the CBDR could result in hegemony; where developed nations in a bid to maintain their economic and world dominance, project an air of interest, claiming leadership in moral and int ellectual discourses in climate change. Discussion Only agreements considered by all parties as equitable are likely to promote action and facilitate climate change mitigation (Ashton J. and Wang X., 2003). Such agreements must be built on the tenets of equity and driven by a singular objective stop climate change if we can. Though the implementation of CBDR is wrought with several controversies, parties to climate change debates and negotiations must recognise that it is not an utopian principle. Concessions need to be made on ethical grounds if climate change is really considered a big threat to humanity. The CBDR is one important principle for tackling climate change equitably. Sceptics and critics have to realise that agreeing on a new principle to replace or back-up CBDR may take several years, yet more claims of inequity may arise. The Polluter pay principle has a more direct approach to addressing emission issues. It could easily be drafted into law. However, it may undermine the economic gap between states (Caney, 2005). It focuses mainly finance and economics to the detriment of physical and environmental outcomes of climate change. Without a strong historical basis, this polluter pay principle cannot be viable at any level in tackling climate change. However, there are arguments by Shue and Neumayer in Caney (2005) canvassing for individualist approach for accounting for historical deficits in adopting this principle. In my opinion, to make the CBDR more practicable and fit to meet the especially the challenge vulnerability in climate change, a consequentialist dynamic approach is needed. This approach shall integrate measures to assess the risk of climate change in different regions of the world and it shall be carried out continuously at different times. Global efforts will subsequently concentrate of the most vulnerable areas. This approach will not require changing the wordings of principle 7. However, it will need a firm legal backing to ensure its implementation. Conclusion The post Kyoto negotiations will take off in 2012 and Kamminga (2007) points out that improving the Kyoto protocol is a major concern. The CBDR still remains the most potent principle to bring all states to the round table for fair negotiations. Sacrifices must be made to mitigate climate change and the big polluters, especially the US, need to establish their sovereignty in the new negotiations. Doubting the evidence of climate change is one thing, but refusal to act reasonably negates the essence of the precautionary principle. Environmental and Political egalitarianism need reflect in the outcome of the 2012 negotiations. States need to ask, What is morally right to do in this situation? If the talk about globalization is anything real, then we must all learn to be our brothers keepers. The big states seem to prioritise economic gains in climate change mitigation while the small states are bent on playing the blame game. However, these states need to realise that the CBDR is still a potent tool with which to achieve collective viable climate change solutions.

Parts Of Automobile :: Car Parts

Air Filter – a device that reduces the concentration of solid particles in an airstream to a level that can be tolerated in a process or space occupancy; a component of most systems in which air is used for industrial processes, ventilation, or comfort air conditioning. Automobile self starter – the bell housing is part of the transmission system on a gasoline (also known as petrol) or diesel powered vehicle. It is bolted to the engine block and contains the flywheel and the torque converter or clutch of the transmission. The starter motor is usually mounted here engaging with a ring gear on the flywheel. On the opposite end to the engine is usually bolted the gearbox. Bucket seat – a seat contoured to hold one person, distinct from bench seats which are flat platforms designed to seat multiple people. Bucket seats are standard in fast cars to keep riders in place when making sharp or quick turns. Bumper – a part of an automobile designed to allow one vehicle to impact with another and to withstand that collision without severe damage to the vehicle's frame. Brush guards, push bars, etc. were added "after-market" to bumpers of automobiles, pickups, trucks, and utility vehicles since at least the 1920s to provide additional protection to the vehicle. While bumpers were originally made of heavy steel, in later years they have been constructed of rubber, plastic, or painted light metal leaving them susceptible to damage from even minimal contact. For the most part, these vehicles cannot push, or be pushed by, another vehicle. An entire after-market industry has developed which now produces various guards to protect these vulnerable modern bumpers. Buzzer – or sometimes called beeper is a signaling device, usually electronic, typically used in automobiles, household appliances such as a microwave oven, or game shows. Car battery – a type of rechargeable battery that supplies electric energy to an automobile. Usually this refers to a SLI battery (Starting - Lighting - Ignition) to power the starter motor, the lights and the ignition system of a vehicle’s engine. This also may describe a traction battery used for the main power source of an electric vehicle. Car door – an opening to enter to the car (or their compartments or partition), often equipped with a hinged or sliding panel which can be moved to leave the opening accessible, or to close it more or less securely. Clutch – a machine element for the connection and disconnection of shafts in equipment drives.

Learning and Favorite Academic Subject

Speaking section Many iBT speaking questions ask you to talk about things that you enjoy, things that you value, or things that you are good at. Practice with the following topics. Be sure to support your response with specific reasons and details. You have 15 seconds to prepare and 45 seconds to speak. 1. What is your favorite hobby? 2. Describe a talent you have 3. What is a good book that you would recommend? 4. What is your favorite season of the year? 5. Explain about an object that is very special in your life. 6. Describe a holiday you enjoy celebrating 7.What is a possession you value highly? 8. What is your favorite method of transportation? 9. Where is your favorite park or public space? 10. What famous person would you most like to meet1. Describe an interesting trip you’ve taken. 2. What is a difficult problem you’ve had to overcome? 3. What is your favorite memory of childhood? 4. Explain an important lesson you’ve learned in life. 5. Describe a spec ial opportunity that was given to you. 6. Describe a place that you liked to go when you were young. 7. What is something you regret? 8. Explain about a time when you felt very happy. . What was the most enjoyable day of your life? 10. Describe an event that has changed you in some way. TALKING ABOUT THE PLACE YOU LIVE 1. Describe your hometown. 2. What is something about your country that makes you proud? 3. If a visitor came to your country, where would you take them? 4. If you could give a gift to your friend that is symbolic of your country, what would you give them? 5. Introduce a game from your country, and explain why you like to play it. 6. Where is a place in your hometown that you go to relax? 7. If you could visit any country, where would you go? 8.What is the most important room in your house? 9. Explain why your hometown is or isn’t a good place to live. 10. If a friend came to your country to visit, what meal would you prepare1. Describe an interesting class you ’ve taken. 2. Describe some qualities of a good teacher. 3. What are some good ways to learn English? 4. What is your favorite academic subject? 5. Should cell phones be banned from classrooms? 6. Should non-academic classes like art and music they be removed from the curriculum? 7. Besides teaching the basic subjects, what are some ways that school shapes children? 8.Explain about the best teacher you ever had. 9. What is something useful that you learned in school? 10. If you take any class on any subject, what would you study and why What is your idea of the perfect job? 2. Describe a skill you want to learn. 3. How will your life be different in 5 years? 4. Describe your ideal marriage partner. 5. What is a job you admire, but don’t necessarily want to do? 6. What is a skill needed for future success? 7. Describe a trip you are planning to take. 8. Explain what you want to accomplish in the future. 9. In what type of climate would you like to live, and why? 0. What are some things people can do to stay healthy? 1. Explain about a person who has influenced you in some way 2. Describe some qualities of a good friend. 3. What is the best way for parents to discipline their children? 4. What kind of people do you like to meet? 5. Describe a person you admire, and explain why you admire this person. 6. What are some characteristics of a good neighbor? 7. Should children help with the housework? 8. Which parent do you take after the most? 9. Describe someone you enjoy talking with. 10. What is something important that your parents taught you1.If you could solve any problem in the world, what would it be? 2. What are some ways that you can help reduce pollution? 3. Should cars be banned from city centers? 4. How should people who send spam (computer junk mail) be punished? 5. Should people be allowed to clone their pets? 6. Describe how transportation will be different in the future. 7. Describe some ways in which homelessness could be fought. 8. Wh at do you feel is one of mankind’s greatest inventions? 9. Should genetically modified food be sold in supermarkets? 10. What is the most serious problem in the world these days

Computer crimes, due to societys declining ethical standards more than any economic need

Computer crimes, due to societys declining ethical standards more than any economic need Computers are used to track reservations for the airline industry, process billions of dollars for banks, manufacture products for industry, and conduct major transactions for businesses because more and more people now have computers at home and at the office.People commit computer crimes because of society's declining ethical standards more than any economic need. According to experts, gender is the only bias. The profile of today's non-professional thieves crosses all races, age groups and economic strata. Computer criminals tend to be relatively honest and in a position of trust: few would do anything to harm another human, and most do not consider their crime to be truly dishonest. Most are males: women have tended to be accomplices, though of late they are becoming more aggressive. Computer Criminals tend to usually be 'between the ages of 14-30, they are usually bright, eager, highly motivated, adventuresome, and willing to accept technical challenges.'(Shannon,Burning Money i s Financial Crime and Waste in Chin...16:2)'It is tempting to liken computer criminals to other criminals, ascribing characteristics somehow different from'normal' individuals, but that is not the case.'(Sharp, 18:3) It is believed that the computer criminal 'often marches to the same drum as the potential victim but follows and unanticipated path.'(Blumenthal, 1:2) There is no actual profile of a computer criminal because they range from young teens to elders, from black to white, from short to tall.Definitions of computer crime has changed over the years as the users and misusers of computers have expanded into new areas. 'When computers were first introduced into businesses, computer crime was defined simply as a form of white-collar crime committed inside a computer system.'(2600:Summer 92,p.13)Some new terms have been added to the computer criminal vocabulary. 'Trojan Horse is a hidden code put into a computer program. Logic bombs are implanted so that the perpetrator doesn't.. .

Ancient Greek Notes essays

Ancient Greek Notes essays 1. Mediterranean Sea- The body of water that along with the Aegean Sea surrounds the Greek peninsula. 2. peninsula- Land that is surrounded by water on three sides. 3. Crete and Rhodes- The largest of the Aegean islands. 4. sea travel- How the Greeks developed links with other societies. Their major vessel was the trireme, a ship powered by many oarsmen. 5. Phoenician alphabet- Developed around 900BC, it was the first "simple" alphabet with only 22 symbols. It greatly influenced our alphabet. 6. polis- The independent city-states of ancient Greece. 7. Sparta- A polis of Greece that is remembered for it's strict, harsh military lifestyle. Boys began military training at age seven. Girls were trained to defend their polis and to run the family estates. 8. Athens- The Greek polis where freedom and new ideas were welcome. The world's first democratic government was formed there. It differed greatly from Sparta, but they united to battle the Persians. 9. agora- The central marketplace of Athens. Food, pottery, cloth, jewelry, and perfumes were some of the items sold. People would gather there to talk about politics and life. Travelers would come from around the "Aegean World" to sell there goods. 10. Parthenon-(built ca. 500BC) The most famous structure of ancient Greece. A temple built on a hill-top fortress in Athens called the Acropolis. It 's been called one of the most beautiful buildings on earth. 11. Battle of Marathon- (490BC) Persian King Darius sent 25,000 soldiers to Greece. He wanted to enslave the Greeks.They landed at Marathon, about 26 miles from Athens, and were welcomed by 10,000 angry Athenian troops. Athens defeated Persia.Darius vowed revenge and ten years later invaded again and slaughtered the Spartan army. 12. monarchy- A system of government ruled by a king or queen. 13. tyranny- A form of government where all the power is in the hands of one individual called a dictator. ...

Pediatric Radiography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Pediatric Radiography - Essay Example This poses a challenge in pediatric radiographic investigations. Obtaining quality radiographs on pediatric patients can be a challenge. Minimizing radiation dose in pediatric imaging is a crucial issue that has been emphasized and reemphasized in recent years1. Diagnostic radiation overexposure can cause radiation skin reaction and acute radiation sickness. It can also lead to systemic reactions that may lead to disturbances of normal functional processes, such as, radiation pneumonitis. It is known to have carcinogenic effects and genetic effects2. However, it is also to be considered that the dose required to produce genetic or carcinogenic effects are virtually precluded by modern radiographic apparatus and special techniques used in imaging the patients of this age group. Although carcinogenic effects have not been demonstrated from the doses of radiation received with pediatric diagnostic radiography, children with chronic diseases who need repeated radiographic examinations, this is quite a possibility, although remote. However, there is a need to justify the safety requirements and deploy the technical measures to ensure safety in these patients. Currently, these are directed towards reduction of radiation exposure in such patients3 . ... These are justification of any particular radiographic examination by carefully considering the pros and cons of the test which involves adjustment of risk-benefit analysis. A proper training of the radiographers in handling the children can also reduce exposure considerably. Proper protection of the patient in the unexposed areas could also help. Specific Diseases Caused by Diagnostic Radiation Exposure Although the benefits of diagnostic ionizing radiation are immense and exceed the risks involved, cumulative exposure can cause increased cancers especially in the pediatric age group. By definition, ionizing radiation contains enough energy to displace electrons and break chemical bonds. X-rays are electromagnetic radiations and consist of photons that can traverse relatively large distances in tissue without interaction. They, however, can indirectly ionize cell molecular components through transfer of energy4. In 1989, Hoffman and colleagues reported a doubling in the incidence of breast cancers in a pilot study of 1030 women who had been repeatedly exposed to diagnostic radiations for evaluation of scoliosis in their childhood and adolescence5. Ronckers and others explored these results further in a US cohort study with a larger sample size, including cases of scoliosis diagnosed before age 20. The average number of examinations per patient was accounted to be 24.7 and the mean c umulated dose to the breast was 0.11 Gy, and mean age of diagnosis of scoliosis was 10.6 years. With a radiographic followup continuing over an average of 40.1 years, it was concluded that this magnitude of exposures has resulted in increased incidence of breast cancers in these groups6. This proves that there is an increased risk of incidence of breast cancers with

Poem analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Poem analysis - Assignment Example She is a beautiful young woman, but instead of pursuing her dreams, she is dancing and singing as a prostitute. The use of race suggests that her skin color has affected her access to social and economic opportunities. Hughes also connects race to suffering. He mentions that the pianist has â€Å"his ebony hands on each ivory key,† (9), followed by â€Å"[h]e made that poor piano moan with melody† (10). The nearness of these statements implies that the man’s race has something to do with his suffering. He could be experiencing distress because his music cannot have a bigger audience due to his race. He could also be witnessing racism daily that burdens his soul. Besides racial descriptions, these poems have similes that relate to suffering. McKay uses a simile to compare the prostitute’s voice to â€Å"blended flutes† (3). Blended flutes demonstrate the beauty of the woman’s form that is compared to a flute, and the melody of her song that is similar to flute music that can be understood by many people. This simile is important in contrasting the form with the essence of the music, which is no longer blended, but full of pain and sadness. Hughes also uses simile to show that suffering can be performed. If the prostitute can sing and dance and appear like she is in another place, the pianist in Hughes’ poem can also perform, this time with a piano, while he is singing. Hughes says: â€Å"He played that sad raggy tune like a musical fool† (13). The pianist looks like a musical fool, but at least, he has music to express his sadness that is deep in his soul. He uses music to unload the burdens of his race. Apart from similes, these poems use musical metaphors to describe how music helps express and reduce people’s innermost anxieties. The prostitute of â€Å"The Harlem Dancer† feels like an object that is consumed because her performance is paid through â€Å"coins† and because her

Career Development Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Career Development - Case Study Example Analysis of the Actions of Madeleine Lagarde and Her Mentor 6 2.2. Analysis of the Actions of Eric Wong and His Mentor 7 3.0. Ways to Make Mentorship More Different 8 Bibliography 9 1.0. BCG’s Career Development and Mentorship Processes: Strengths and Weakness Boston Consulting Group is considered as the ideal place for strategy consulting as an organisation. The main objective of the organisation is to attract, develop and retain the best of the candidates in the organisation. The career development process for the professionals and mentorship program in the organisation is the best. The strengths and weaknesses of these processes are discussed in the below paragraphs. 1.1. Strength of the Career Development and Mentorship Process The career development in BCG is quite remarkable. There is a good scope for career building in the organisation, ranging from associates to officers. The associates and consultants in the firm are primarily focused on the organisational module. The project leader handles various projects in the organisation. The managers have the responsibility to handle both the project and the clients of the organisation as both are termed essential for the success of the business. The officers of BCG give much emphasis on clients and the success of the organisation. ... The incoming consultants are assigned a Career Development Consultant (CDC) advisor, as they provide guidance to the clients in their project work and help them in their success. They also provide positive and/or negative feedback to the incumbents for their improvement. Therefore, the employees can grow skills by the opportunities from staffing. Consequently, the employees need to be proactive in building their skills. The training is also conducted for the professionals for qualitative and administrative purpose. The formal training helps the employees to improve their social skills, networking skills and becoming more familiar with the working environment of BCG. With an overall point of view, the on-job training is quite productive for the professionals. The BCG officers are assigned as informal mentors for incoming consultants and CDC advisors are the formal mentors. The mentors, who are selected for the incumbents, assist them to deal with several issues and stimulate their ski lls. There is no structured time for the mentors to talk to the consultants. From the first month of their joining up to 24th month, mentors discuss and try to explore various problems that may arise with the consultants in their work and workplace. 1.2. Weaknesses of Career Development and Mentorship Process BCG gives primary focus on handling the clients rather than the growth of the people. The promotion in the organisation is decided by the senior persons depending on the skills of the professionals and not by their time period in the job. Thus, biasness is most likely to arise in the workplace. There is a criterion of voluntary exit for the professionals during their on-job training period due to poor

How Does the Writer of This Text Use Language and Grammar Essay Example for Free

How Does the Writer of This Text Use Language and Grammar Essay The author uses jargon, puns and compound sentences to shape his readers response. This is done by paying attention to his audience which is the readers of the Metro, which are public transport users. Also to his purpose which is to entertain his audience. Puns are used to give a light-hearted effect to entertain his audience. This is evident where the author says â€Å"A new musical talent spreads his wings†. This provides entertainment to his readers in the form of comedy. Additionally the words he uses acts as a metaphor, yet in this case the phrase is quite literal as he is talking about a fly. This quite an effective pun. The use of puns provides amusement to his audience and by placing this pun at the beginning of this article it makes the reader intrigued to read on. Furthermore puns are used throughout the article to keep the reader engaged. Jargon is used also as a way to present his readers with photography knowledge. He uses a quote from the photographer which says â€Å"†¦to give a refreshing view on insect marco-photography†. By using this the author gives the public a small insight to what technology goes into taking these photos. This uses of jargon also presents another purpose as it shows the photographer of these fly photos to be a professional within this business. Also that it makes it easier for people who know about the subject to follow, as specialized terms can be used without losing information. This is useful as he has a very wide audience and some may understand these terms. The use of compound sentences adds more detail and information. The author says â€Å"Nearly all the photographs of Mr Fly, whose first name was Gerald, were taken in Mr Hendrickx’s bedroom, using mostly natural light and a small eight megapixel camera.† By saying this the author adds more richness to the sentence and therefore by doing so adds more information to his readers. By adding more information the author can entertain his audience which are on the public transport on their journeys. Furthermore that by using compound  sentences it is more effective in creating a balance between two important pieces of information, thereby leaving the reader with a better understanding of the article. To conclude by using all this techniques the author of the text can keep his audience engaged and entertained while reading his article and furthermore provide them with information which they may not of known prior.

Narrative Strategy in Hurstons Sweat :: Hurston Sweat Essays

Narrative Strategy in Hurston's Sweat The narrative strategy and point of view in Zora Neale Hurston's "Sweat" mold the reader's understanding of the story. They craft the personalities of both Delia and Sykes as well as developing their relationship. The choice of a third person omniscient narrator charges the story with more brutal honesty than would any other type of narration. The scene where the village men discuss Sykes and Delia holds relevance as a narrative tool and explores an alternative point of view to the narrator. The narrator draws the character sketches of both Sykes and Delia. Hurston lets us see their thoughts that allow her to develop their personalities rapidly and thoroughly. In a story of roughly only seven and a half pages Hurston manages to create vivid and complex characters. Much of this can be credited to her choice of narration. Long passages of narration mixed with the dialogue design a relationship fed on pain: " She lay awake, gazing upon the debris that cluttered their matrimonial trail. Not an image left standing along the way. Anything like flowers had long ago been drowned in the salty stream that had been pressed from her heart. Her tears, her sweat, her blood" (1675). Since the thoughts of Sykes and Delia are so different, a series of contrasts develops their relationship and personalities. Hurston's choice of narrator lends believability to the entire story and makes Delia's plight more extreme. If Delia were the one telling the story things would be quite different. The reader would not give her version of the story the same credibility he gives that of an outside narrator. It also makes the reader more sympathetic for Delia. A combination of what Delia feels and what Sykes does to her leads the reader to feel sympathetically towards her. This can be clearly seen with the addition of Bertha--the other woman in Sykes life. "Too late now to hope for love, even if it were not Bertha it would be someone else " (1675). What happens to her seems truthful and real which directs the reader's expected reaction to the story. The scene where the men of the town discuss Delia and Sykes rounds the view of the characters. In this passage perhaps the most significant lines in the story can be found: "There's plenty men dat takes a wife lak dey do a joint uh sugarcane.

The Joy Luck Club :: essays research papers

The Joy Luck Club   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Joy luck club was a book written by Amy Tan. The story is set here in America and in China and is set in the 1940's and also takes place now. The book is about four Asian women who fled china and their Americanized daughters.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are eight main characters four of which were mothers and four of which were daughters. They were Suyuan Woo, Ying-yang St. Clair, An-mei Hsu, and Lindo Jong, who were the mothers, and the daughters Jing-mei Woo, Rose Hsu Jordan, Waverly Jong, Lena St. Clair. In the book it tells the story of each of the mothers and what they went through from the eyes of their daughters.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The book mostly focuses on Jing-mei Woo, who takes the place of her mother in the Joy Luck Club meetings after the death of her mother. In the meetings with the other mothers she reminisced about her mother and heard new stories about her mother she had never heard before. She hears stories of how it was her mother came to America and what she left behind in China.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The book starts off in China with a woman imagining what life in America raising a daughter would be like. Hoping that she would be an American but still have her Chinese heritage. But in the end her daughter turns out to be as Americanized as they come not realizing her Chinese heritage. This makes it so that they don't communicate very well and makes it so they don't know very much about each other.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This book shows that now days the traditions of the older generations are slowly being filtered out by the younger generations. An example in the book is when one of the mothers had her marriage pre-arranged by her parents and a friend of the family and the fact that she accepted the marriage.

Education Is the Most Important Thing Essay

Education is the most important thing we can offer to our children and the generations to come, yet it is one of the topics that we struggle with the most. With the choices between local, state and federal authorities, who should have control over education? It is my belief that the control should lie with the federal authorities because they are able to maintain a complete situational picture over all the states. Many of our founding fathers of the United States feared that leaving education in the hands of private families, churches, local communities or philanthropic societies would not guarantee the survival of a democracy. (Pulliam & Van Patten, 2007, p. 122). In this paper I am going to defend my opinion of why the federal authorities should have control of education. How programs they have developed have flourished, and even how some of their programs could be run better. I currently serve as an instructor for the Navy teaching junior Sailors how to do their job better thus pr otecting the ship for harm, however; I am not the only one who teaches these classes, so to ensure that all Sailors are taught the same information all of our learning sites fall under one controlling entity. The education of our youth should be run the same, and if education was to be allowed to be completely run by local or even state entities, then the education opportunities may not be the same throughout the cities and even states. One of the best programs I have seen is the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act of 2002. NCBL is a United States Act of Congress that was originally proposed by the administration of President George W. Bush immediately after taking office. The House of Representatives passed the bill on May 23, 2001, and United States Senate passed it on June 14, 2001. President Bush signed it into law on January 8, 2002. NCLB is the latest federal legislation that enacts the theories of standards-based education reform, which is based on the belief that setting high standards and establishing measurable goals can improve individual outcomes in education. The Act requires states to develop assessments in basic skills to be given to all students in certain grades, if those sta tes are to receive federal funding for schools. The Act does not assert a national achievement standard; standards are set by each individual state.(â€Å"No Child Left Behind Act of 2001â€Å", 2006) Not only does the NCLB Act standardize learning for the students it also is used for standardization of teacher qualifications. For decades, local policymakers and school officials turned a blind eye to a set  of vexing problems in public education. In practice, there was a situational definition of teacher quality. No one thought anything about, as one principal said, scheduling â€Å"a physical education teacher to fill in for one class of history.† It was a common practice for middle school principals to employ elementary certified teachers because it provided the principals maximum flexibility in assigning teachers to classes, whether or not the teachers were qualified to teach those classes. (Hayes , 2003) As stated earlier, I believe that all children should not only have the same opportunity to get an education, but should also be entitled to the same education as every other child. If control of our educational system was given to the local or even state authorities this would probably not be the case as each state would want to do it â€Å"their way†. The No Child Left Behind Act ensures that all children no matter race, religion, or financial status is given the same opportunities for education, and educated children are our future. References: Hayes , M. (2003). NCLB: Conspiracy, Compliance, or Creativity?. Retrieved from http://www.middleweb.com/HMnclb.html No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. (2006). Retrieved from http://www2.ed.gov/news/pressreleases/2006/02/02062006.html Pulliam, J. D., & Van Patten, J. J. (2007). History of Education in American (9th Edition). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Columbus, Ohio.

construction essays

construction essays CHALLENGES FACING URBAN TRANSPORT IN ASIA One of the greatest challenges facing the new millennium is to effect a well integrated and environmentally acceptable solution for urban transportation. In spite of many decades of studies, involving research and experiments, success has often been elusive and more importantly, there is still a lack of consensus of what constitutes an acceptable integrated transport policy within the urban fabric The paper analyses the global trend towards urbanisation and demonstrates that while there are megacites throughout the world,there is a concentration of them in the Asian region and that the region needs to devise ways of dealing with the problem.Since a majority of the cities in Asia are still developing, the rapid urbanisation of these cities has posed serious problems before the city managers and administrators in the field of housing, infra-structure, social amenities and transport.Transportation is crucial for the economic growth of the region.Urban mobility is a basic recquirment of urban economy.As a result of this urban transport is getting more and more importance with the passage of time.The paper looks at the scale of the problem facing urban transport planners and service operators in keeping the cities moving so that urban productivity is not affected. A number of measures are needed : in the Short Term in a coordinated manner in areas such as road pricing , fiscal constraints, computerised traffic control systems, various traffic control measures, strict enforcement of traffic laws, operational and pricing improvements.Some of the other short term measures are making fuels costly , subsidising public transport.Also regulating on-street parking and levying proper parking charges can be adopted as effective short term measures. Long Term mearures include improved land use planning, encouragement of distributedurban land development and investment in mass transit systems. .T...

Cold War Foreign Policy essays

Cold War Foreign Policy essays Their [Russias and America s] starting-point is different, and their courses are not the same; yet each of them seems marked by the will of Heaven to sway the destinies of half the globe, Alexis de Torqueville, late 19th century. De Torquevilles prophecy came true by the 1940s when the two super powers, the United States of America and the Soviet Union, had come head to head, swaying the destinies of half the globe and more. (de Torqueville, chapter 18) The United States had recently participated in the second World War resulting in an Allied and American victory. Europe, however, was devastated, economically, politically, and socially. The United States [stood] at this time at the pinnacle of world power. It [was] a solemn moment for American democracy, former Britain Prime Minister Winston Churchill stated in a speech delivered at Westminster College in 1946. (Churchill, page 1) At that time, American and Russian tensions had evolved into a full-throttle push into the Cold War. The Cold War refers to the tensions that arose between Russia and America that became a strategic and political struggle that developed after World War II. It lasted for 35 years and it was the battle that determined the fate of democracy and communism. The never-back down attitudes pushed into a stand-off between the two super powers. (Cold War: The Cause, par 1) To intensify to the hostility, the Soviet Union had taken a policy that shutting out any other nations from the Unions internal affairs metaphorically known as the Iron Curtain. What emerged was a war that entailed much greater activism and a correspondingly larger commitment of resources to foreign policy than the United States had previously undertaken in peacetime. (Ford, page 1) The United States was asked to form policies in to deal with its doppelganger's atomic power and communistic government. The Cold W...

Ambivalent Conquest

Ambivalent Conquest An Overview of the Book In the Ambivalent Conquest, the author, Inga Clendinnen examines the Mayan trials initiated by Diego De Landa when he visited the Yucatan in 1561. Landa’s inquisition was motivated by reports of human sacrifice purportedly performed by the Mayans, whom he believed had been converted to Christianity[1].Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Ambivalent Conquest specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Landa set out to eliminate the pagan practice of sacrifice of young women from a region that was under his control. He had brought Christianity to the natives and instituted a royal court to try Spanish soldiers who had committed crimes against the natives[2]. However, the relapse into pagan worship made him to set up harsh trials against the natives in a bid to root out the practice. Clendinnen attempts to explain Landa’s actions when he served as a rights activist and as an inquisitor. The author uses Landa’s pieces of writing, including the ‘Relacion’, to explore why Landa advocated for justice for torture victims (natives), but later punished the natives who offered human sacrifices[3]. In the book, Clendinnen analyzes the different issues raised by historians and scholars about Landa’s inhumane actions against the natives. She carefully explores the historical contexts, incidents, and controversies surrounding the Mayan culture and way of life. Overall, the book provides a compelling argument on the subject of Landa’s role before and after Yucatan’s Spanish invasion. Clendinnen’s Main Argument The book presents the author’s narrative in a clear and unequivocal manner. The author’s monogram is clear, detailed, and replete with facts. However, the information bountiful information provided makes it difficult to understand the book’s thesis. The book’s chapters, the monogram, and the conclusio n do not explain the author’s central argument. Clendinnen’s main argument relates to her attitude and views about the Mayan culture. The author writes that Landa treated the Maya people with love and thus, felt betrayed when they left Christianity and returned to their heathen practices[4]. Thus, in a bid to correct them, he instituted harsh inquisition trials against them. In the author’s view, Although Landa did not intend to the Maya people, his punishment was unjustifiably severe. She argues that the inquisitions gave Landa another opportunity to redeem the lost souls of people he considered his sons and daughters. Previously, Landa had sought justice for the Maya people who had been tortured by the Spanish military and thus, his inquisition trials were not meant to eliminate them, but rather to save them[5].Advertising Looking for book review on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn Mor e This interesting argument underscores the author’s perspectives on Landa’s actions towards the Maya people. She argues that Landa’s actions during the Mayan trials, though very severe at the time compared to other inquisitions, were justified. To reinforce this argument, the author describes the procedures were used during the inquisition and observes that Landa was fair in deciding who to be punished. Moreover, the author seems to believe that Landa had the authority and jurisdiction to oversee the trials. The inquisition was instituted in 1230 C.E. to fight paganism and heathen practices in parts of Europe[6]. It, however, led to the persecution of small religious sects by the Catholic Church. The Dominicans and Franciscans later dominated the inquisition, but received orders from the Papal Bull[7]. At the time, Landa was an appointed Franciscan Order who had arrived in Yucatan in 1549. He initiated the trials in 1561 without waiting for the orders o f the appointed Bishop who was on his way to the Yucatan. The author argues that Landa’s actions were excessively severe and cannot be construed as disciplinary. Methods and Evidence The author uses Landa’s own books on his Yucatan trip to explore his perspective on the inquisition trials. She uses the Landa’s book titled the Relacion de la Cosas de Yucatec to explain Landa’s perspective about the trials and his earlier opposition against the Spanish incursion in Yucatan. This primary source allowed the author to articulate Landa’s perspective on the subject. Clendinnen also presents her narrative through a monograph on Landa’s actions between 1517 and 1570. In the monograph, she provides detailed information and her perspective on this historical subject. Thus, her use of various primary sources, including those authored by Landa lends credence to her analysis of the historical injustices meted against the Maya during Landa’s inquisi tion trials. Moreover, Clendinnen’s monograph on this topic gives important insights into the Mayan culture and life. She presents her perspective in a way that does not criticize prevalent social, religious, and political conditions during this time. Strengths and Weakness of the Book In this book, Clendinnen attempts to explain Landa’s actions when he championed for the rights of the Maya people and when he established trials against them. One of the strengths of this book relates to the author’s use of primary sources of information, including books authored by Landa, to support her argument.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Ambivalent Conquest specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As aforementioned, this makes her argument compelling to the reader. Among the sources used is Landa’s ‘Relacion’ in which he explains the rationales for his ambivalent conquest. The author also explores the controversial issues surrounding this conquest. Another major strength of the book is the inclusion of the author’s monograph. The monograph presents the historical facts and perspectives without condemning the Catholic Church, the Spanish military, the Dominicans, or the Franciscans. The monograph is also presented in a clear and readable manner. The narrative captivates the reader, as it is straightforward. However, some aspects of this book make it inadequate. One of the weaknesses of this book is that the author’s thesis is not clear. Although Clendinnen organizes her narrative into different chapters, a monograph, and a conclusion, she does not clearly state her argument from the outset. Her failure to state the book’s thesis made her argument vague and equivocal. Clendinnen at some point writes that the Mexican Provincial Council had by 1555 put in place clear policies and procedures on how inquisitions are conducted, which Landa should have followed[8]. However, she does not provide a relevant citation to support this assertion. Clendinnen portrays Landa as a patriarchal leader whose actions were so severe and inhumane. It is difficult to determine whether the Yucatan leaders were familiar with the Mexican Council’s inquisition order. Despite Clendinnen’s assertion, Landa may not have been familiar with such an order, which explains his inhumane actions. Significance of the Book The book’s account of Landa’s actions reveals the historical injustices meted against the Maya people. It shows Landa’s role in liberating them from the Spanish incursion, his missionary work, and inhumane trials against the natives who had strayed to heathen practices. It underscores Landa’s sincere quest for the revival of the Mayans, which, however, subjected them to torture and inhumane treatment. Bibliography Clendinnen Inga. Ambivalent Conquests: Maya and Spaniards in Yucatan, 1517-1570.Advertisin g Looking for book review on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. Footnotes Inga Clendinnen. Ambivalent Conquests: Maya and Spaniards in Yucatan, 1517-1570. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 17 Clendinnen, Ambivalent Conquests, 25 Clendinnen, Ambivalent Conquests, 25 Clendinnen, Ambivalent Conquests, 121 Clendinnen, Ambivalent Conquests, 78 Clendinnen, Ambivalent Conquests, 43 Clendinnen, Ambivalent Conquests, 71 Clendinnen, Ambivalent Conquests, 212