Getting Chills from Pacific Heights essays

Getting Chills from Pacific Heights articles Getting Chills From Pacific Heights Thrills Tension movies dole out edge-of-your-seat nervousness with nail gnawing expectation to the crowd by causing them to feel just as they were a piece of the experience rather than a negligible observer. Pacific Heights, coordinated by John Schlesinger, may have been more emotional than intense however it unquestionably conveyed enough of both to keep the crowd charmed and yearning for additional. Men settle on all choices, are rarely off-base, and can stay balanced in any circumstance while ladies are accommodating, wear skirts and take into account their spouses each impulse, however not in Pacific Heights. Melanie Griffith plays Patty, Drakes sweetheart, and from the earliest starting point is demonstrated to be the prevailing of the two, making a job inversion of the genders impending. Patty truly wears the jeans in the relationship and shows it all around. She deals with any jam the couple gets into and never loses her cool in their seasons of emergency, in any event, when she encounters their inhabitant from heck, Carter Hayes. Patty is the distinct heroin of the film by killing the evil spirit Hayes, yet by likewise thinking carefully and screwing him over and recovering Drakes personality and cash. Carter Hayes is by a wide margin the best miscreant ever. Hes manipulative, scheming, tricky, thus great at it. He deceives everybody, except some way or another nobody acknowledges it and he goes on his plotting way. Add to this, Carter, played by Michael Keaton, yes Beetlejuice himself, with his mischievous grin and thin eyes to create the best awful face since Jack Nicholson in The Shining. In the event that the job inversion among Drake and Patty or the consistent disturbance with Carters residency werent enough to keep the audi... <!

Questioner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Examiner - Essay Example 3. I am a tireless individual, I don't trust in surrendering. Inside enhancement is my obsession, though found late throughout everyday life. On the off chance that I don’t get into the program, I will search for approaches to communicate and develop my advantage, most likely beginning a dã ©cor blog, and share and examine thoughts with others. 4. My calling for inside design came after I had just gotten an expert MIS degree. In spite of the fact that I have consistently had an extremely adjusted tasteful sense, it was not until I looked for some kind of employment with a furnishings and insides organization, helping with chalking up formats and plans that I truly started to make the most of my work. I appreciated managing various spaces and working with customers and their individual ways of life. Subtleties interest me. How a solitary dash of shading can change the manner in which a whole space feels, is an astounding encounter, and a satisfying inclination. I concede, working expertly as an inside decorator will require a great deal of difficult work and constancy, nonetheless, I feel that I effectively live, eat and inhale plan. As Confucius stated, â€Å"Choose a vocation you love and you will never need to work a day in your

The Importance of Point of View in The Black Cat :: The Black Cat Point of View Literature Essays

The Importance of Point of View operating at a profit Cat Perspective is a significant part of The Black Cat. The principle character recounts to the story to the peruser from his first individual perspective. You have a decent vibe for the story since you have the primary individual portrayal. As you read into the story it comes obvious anyway that the storyteller recounting to the story is certainly not a solid understanding of the subtleties around him. You have a decent vibe for his feelings and the occasions of the story, however the storytellers suppositions are so out of sight you are compelled to ponder exactly what of the story is the to one side understanding of a maniac and what is the truth. The principal individual portrayal of the story has a vital influence in the peruser's degree of comprehension of the principle character's franticness, just as the unfurling of plot of the story. Â Â Â Â Â The story rotates around a man and his feline that cherishes him ardently. Toward the beginning of the story he is attached to his caring friend the feline, Pluto. The feline's affection for his lord in the long run turns into Pluto's end. The feline would follow its all lord's moves. In the event that the storyteller moved the feline was at his feet, on the off chance that he sat Pluto would noise to his lap. This inevitably started to rankle the storyteller. He before long wound up getting truly peevish towards Pluto and his different pets. One night he returned home much inebriated and he got Pluto. Pluto bit his hand and this sent him into an anger. The anger of an evil presence in a flash had me. I knew myself no more. My unique soul appeared, on the double, to take its departure from my body; and a more than naughty noxiousness, gin-sustained, excited each fiber of my frame(Poe 103). Now he appears to have lost it. This portrayal isn't that of somebody of normal mentality. His spirit taking off from his body seems, by all accounts, to be emblematic for the loss of his sane idea. The wrath of an evil spirit gives you the symbolism of something not human. Poe accepts each open door to utilize the storyteller, and the perspective, to give you understanding into the psyche of the maniac. He utilizes persuasive symbolism and imagery to assist your comprehension of the fundamental character's sound.

Ace These Most Frequently Asked MBA Interview Questions

Expert These Most Frequently Asked MBA Interview Questions In an ongoing article distributed in U.S. News World Report, the admonition business college candidates fear to hear is clear:If you tank your MBA meet, your chances of affirmation fall. You can help guarantee that doesnt transpire by altogether planning for the trade and the hardball addresses that anticipate. A few schools are known for soliciting their candidates out-from left-field addresses, for example, If you were a tree, what kind would you be?U.S. News World ReportIf you were a tree, what kind would you be? Its inquiries like this that lose MBA candidates in their meeting and make awkward, ill-equipped minutes. Photograph by Todd Quackenbush on Unsplash.The article proceeds to clarify the five most troublesome MBA talk with prompts that regularly get asked of clueless interviewees. These are:What is your greatest weakness?Tell me about a period you failed.Describe a poor chief youve had.Tell me about a moral predicament you faced.Tell me about yourself.So, lets take a gander at the most ideal approach to expert the prompts when you experience them in a MBA meet, and consider some others that likewise will in general be asked often.What is your greatest weakness?Before you answer this one with I buckle down or Im an over the top stickler, stop. Dont. It is anything but a fair answer and the explanation the questioner is asking it is to perceive how legit your reaction is. Clearly, you dont need to reply with I tend to drink too much or I am in every case late, however there are still alternatives that will give the questioner the earnestness the individual in question is searching for, just as offer you a chance to show that you have faith in close to home improvement and evaluation.The most ideal approach to respond to this inquiry is to utilize the snapshot of shortcoming to show your equal strength(s). For instance, if youve had a not exactly heavenly scholarly record, you may state, I battle with test taking, so my evaluations in student have endure d. Be that as it may, Ive took in a couple of methodologies that help from that point forward and I dont anticipate this being an issue in my MBA program. By admitting to your shortcoming, youve an) addressed a warning that the council had just noted at any rate, and b.) indicating that you deal with developing yourself and are determined.Tell me about a period youve failed.In similarly an inquiry identifying with your greatest shortcoming gives a chance to genuineness and demonstrating your qualities, educate me concerning a period youve bombed is a precarious one to reply. The questioner is needing a particular second that you encountered disappointment, so its best to move toward this one with a tale that youve arranged in advance (as opposed to being found napping and on the spot).For model, you may clarify about the time you expected to set up a significant introduction at work yet held up until the latest possible time and couldn't arrange it in time, therefore humiliating you r chief. Clarify inside in that equivalent story the outcomes you looked for that disappointment, and how it showed you a significant exercise about having sufficient opportunity to get ready something altogether. Make certain to acknowledge obligation regarding your disappointment without nailing the fault to another person, since this is a quality your questioner will be searching for in you.Describe a poor administrator youve had.Whether throughout everyday life or in the scholarly community, you will consistently experience partners and friends who fail to meet expectations or who are hard to work with. MBA questioners get this and need to perceive how expertly you handle yourself in these conditions, so they pose inquiries like this one.The most significant thing to remember is that despite the fact that it may appear it, this isn't the chance to sass somebody youve worked for previously, so dont use it as one. To respond to the inquiry truly, youll need to clarify why somebody was hard to work with, yet you should in any case stay as goal and expert as conceivable in doing so.For model, your answer may be something like this: A specific director I had when working at [XZY company] was once in a while on location and didnt see how things functioned. The couple of times she visited, it was hurried and she was on her telephone for the majority of it as opposed to talking with representatives. I was reliably approached to update her regarding things she could have gained from being hands on day by day and her absence of physical nearness began to turn into an issue for everybody in the division, particularly when she gave them negative reviews.You may then catch up that story with something like this: I understand that her obligations may have shielded her from having a physical nearness in the office, however it instructed me that conditions like that are not helpful for a solid working environment.Tell me about a moral issue you faced.According to the arti cle, Situations that rest in the hazy area are best with this kind of inquiry, as those conditions require authority, subtlety and development. This implies you have to abstain from talking about any moral difficulties youve confronted that have obvious responses to them, as these ought not have been a predicament in any case. For instance, if your director has explicitly pestered you previously, the badgering ought to have been immediately announced. There is no hazy area to this circumstance; your chief was in the wrong.Your questioner will need to see that you realize how to move toward genuine hazy area circumstances with development and polished methodology. For a comparable model, if youve been in a circumstance wherein your boss was blamed for lewd behavior by various ladies yet you were rarely annoyed, you may clarify it like this:There were allegations inside the office that my supervisor had explicitly irritated different ladies. I had never been bothered by him actually h owever an old buddy of mine had, and I trusted her story. Along these lines, when I was met by the exploring advisory group about the allegations, I obviously expressed that I had never felt any degree of provocation from my chief and that he appeared to play out his obligations well and with honesty, from my perspective. In any case, I told them that I had known about the charges from informers who I trusted to come clean, yet I didn't see the provocation take place.Tell me about yourself.With an open-finished inquiry like this one, its simple for candidates to get off course or overlook the expectation of the inquiry. Think about this inquiry as an encouragement to hear your two-minute lift pitch with respect to what makes you a certified contender for the MBA program and what your quick and long haul objectives are. You can toss in a touch of data about your side interests and interests throughout everyday life, except recollect just hit the features and hold it under two minutes . Plan out this pitch before you go to your meeting and know precisely what youll feature when you give it.Plan out your lift pitch before you go to your meeting and know precisely what youll feature when you give it. Photograph by Austin Distel on Unsplash.More inquiries to get ready forAs guaranteed, lets take a gander at a couple of all the more much of the time approached inquiries for MBA program candidates, alongside certain recommendations for how to react. Here are some a greater amount of the main ones, alongside thoughts to explain your answer:Why have you chosen to apply to business college? (Show that youve had a strong vocation direction toward this second and choice.)Why does this specific program request to you? (Do your exploration! Give strong, exact reasons why youre picking this program over others.)Why would it be a good idea for us to concede you rather than another person? (Dont be modest here, told them what you trust it is about yourself that stands separated from others attempting to get into the program.)How do you intend to utilize your MBA? (Have a rundown of both your short-and long haul objectives prepared for when they pose this inquiry. You should have the option to express precisely what you intend to do with your degree, both while you are winning it and a while later, including your proposed profession trajectory.)If you are admitted to our program, what do you figure your greatest test will be? (Tell them that you see precisely how testing a MBA program will be and how you intend to conquered those challenges.)How would your partners depict you? (Dont utilize this as essentially a chance to boast; rather, be genuine and relate a portion of the expert and individual characteristics the individuals who know you and work around you are probably going to list. It will be an open door for the questioner to consider you to be an individual rather than simply one more number on their rundown of applicants.)Do you have any inquiries for me? (Never sidestep this chance to discover increasingly about the program, its history, or its course. This shows you are focusing and that you have an inquisitive psyche two significant and important characteristics to endure any MBA program.)

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Free Essays

Oil and gas creation, boring, and exchanging is a major issue in the United States. Right now, a significant part of the oil we use originates from outside sources. Many contend that we ought to decrease remote oil reliance by lessening our utilization and by penetrating for oil directly here in the U. We will compose a custom article test on Cold National Wildlife Refuge or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now S. For roughly forty years, a discussion has been preparing about oil investigation and penetrating in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) is 19,000,000 sections of land of land in northern Alaska, a U. S. state. It is the biggest secured wild in the United States and was made by Congress under the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA) of 1980†³ (Wikipedia Foundation, Inc) More explicitly, inside the ANWR, a 1,500,000 section of land region situated between the Beaufort Sea(northern fringe), Brooks Range (southern outskirt), and the Prudhoe Bay (western outskirt) is the focal point of contention. This territory is generally alluded to as segment 1002 on the grounds that when the ANILCA was made, in segment 1002 of the record, the choice of how to oversee oil and gas investigation and improvement for this region was postponed. Wikipedia Foundation, Inc. ) There are different feelings with focuses for and against oil p enetrating in the ANWR’s area 1002. Now, I am against it. I as of late read a statement by U. S. , President, Barak Obama in Wikipedia. It states, â€Å"In a League of Conservation Voters poll, Obama stated, â€Å"I firmly dismiss boring in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge since it would irreversibly harm an ensured national natural life shelter without making adequate oil supplies to definitively influence the worldwide market cost or discernibly affect US vitality security. † (Wikimedia Foundation, Inc) I need to state, I concur with President Obama 100%. This region is genuine wild. As per the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, it is the most different biological system in northern Alaska. It is home to numerous Native Indian clans, a huge populace of porcupine caribou, some huge whales, and other littler creatures not well known somewhere else. Also, it is on the waterfront line of Alaska, which opens it up gigantic assortments of marine life and moving flying creatures from everywhere. Numerous individuals don’t understand that oil boring is large business. It won't just require oil boring hardware and stations, however there will be streets, air terminals, lodging, shopping, and so forth. This implies a great part of the land will perpetually be influenced. Numerous creature living spaces and characteristic transient and reproducing examples might be disturbed. The air and water will be dirtied from vehicle traffic, the oil penetrating itself, and numerous other human practices. Human waste should be managed. And so on, it will be an issue. Another worry is the potential for unplanned contamination. Indeed, in 1989, there was a bill on the table and it appeared as though it may endure the Senate, to permit the boring, when the scandalous Exxon Valdez oil slick happened in Prince William Sound, Alaska. It was the biggest spill of its sort where 260,000 to 750,000 barrels of unrefined petroleum spilled out of the big hauler and into the encompassing waters, executing and harming incalculable natural life and pulverizing their environments. (Wikimedia Foundation, Inc) Lastly, specialists are not in any case sure how much oil is even there. A U. S. Geographical Survey distributed in 1998 expressed there was between 5. 7 billion barrels to 16 billion barrels of recoverable oil and flammable gas fluids the ANWR’s waterfront plain zone. When contrasted with an expected 120 billion in the remainder of the U. S. It is assessed that boring in territory 1002 would add up to about 1% world oil creation continuously 2030. (Wikimedia Foundation, Inc) This would make such a little effect on the items and administrations created toward the end client level. At the end of the day, the rich oil financial specialists will get more extravagant and individuals like me will be no happier. The advantages don't exceed the dangers. I state not to boring in the ANWR! Works Cited Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Cold Refuge penetrating contention. Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Ed. 7 September 2012. Web. en. wikipedia. organization/wiki/Arctic_Refuge_drilling_controversy. 30 September 2012. The most effective method to refer to Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Essay models

A Comparison of Cultures The Worlds of Popol Vuh and The Epic of Gilgamesh - Literature Essay Samples

The Epic of Gilgamesh and the Popol Vuh are two fictional and religious texts from the ancient world. The Epic of Gilgamesh is regarded as the earliest great literature, written in 2100 BC, while the Popol Vuh was written in approximately 1550 after being passed down for centuries through speech; indeed, comparable themes are evident in the story of the Maya Hero Twins in part three of the Popol Vuh, and all 12 tablets of the Epic of Gilgamesh. These two stories reveal a lot about Mayan and Mesopotamian culture, and are surprisingly similar in theme and structure, including the two hero dynamic, and the importance of the texts in common culture. The stories have differences in the cultural ideas of family, and in the goal of the heroes journeys. Mayan ideas about death and afterlife are in line with those of the people for Uruk, but are not exactly the same. In terms of narrative structure, The Epic of Gilgamesh and the Popol Vuh feature plots surrounding the gods, but these figures are viewed slightly differently, as are the religious ideals. The hero dynamic of both stories is very important, the heroes have complementing skills and rely on each other. Enkidu was created by Aruru just to give Gilgamesh competition, but ended up being his only true friend and partner in crime, which Gilgamesh expresses when saying â€Å"Enkidu, whom I love deeply, who went through every hardship with me.† Xbalanque and Hunahpu have been together since birth, and were given a mission that required them to work together. Both pairs have a brotherly bond and are close in terms of battle skill. The Hero Twins, Xbalanque and Hunahpu, are included frequently Mesoamerican art as are Gilgamesh and Enkidu, representing them as figures in popular culture. Gilgamesh was a real king of Uruk, though he may not have actually gone on some of the adventures ment ioned. The Hero Twins were purely fictional and used for religious storytelling, and were drawn for centuries after the original Popol Vuh was created. Hunahpu was usually drawn with spots, to show that he had died and been in the underworld, and Xbalanque had stripes or a beard to be a more animal like and aggressive. The families shown in the two texts were dissimilar. It seemed that Hunahpu and Xbalanque were very devoted to their family. Hunahpu and Xbalanque were summoned to the underworld by the words of their grandmother, â€Å"So your grandmother says you must come. Truly your grandmother cries, she calls out to you to come. Gilgamesh had little connection to his family, his mother was one of the very few people who liked him, and his father was rarely mentioned. Enkidu, created alone, became Gilgamesh’s only committed family.Gilgamesh and Enkidu’s goal in traveling was to kill the guardian of the Cedar Forest, Humbaba, because Humbaba was a threat to humans. The overall goal for the mighty King of Uruk, Gilgamesh, was to be rich, famous, and to have a good legacy. The unnamed narrator in the first tablet of the Epic of Gilgamesh praises Gilgamesh saying â€Å"Supreme over other kings, lordly in appearanceThere is no rival who can raise a weapon against him.† suggesting that Gilgamesh was remembered by the public, and praised for his deeds. The goal of the Hero Twins was more personal, to avenge their father and uncle, since they were defeated and killed by the gods of Xibalba. The twins goal was to be victorious in a ballgame against the gods of the underworld with extreme stakes. The Hero Twins went through sets of trials such as dark hose and bat house, where Gilgamesh and Enkidu traveled more freely, without a set mission on more than one quest.There are no signs of fear of death in the Maya Hero Twin story, Xbalanque and Hunahpu travel to the underworld of Xibalba specifically to challenge the gods of death. The Mayan people saw death as a natural, but tricky process that could be manipulated by passing the trails of the gods of Xibalba. The Hero Twins die in the end, and ascend to become the sun and moon since they are part god, which is a positive outlook on death as compared to the wrath of the terrifying gods of the underworld. The K’iche people also believe in reincarnation, or at least coming back from the dead. In this quote from the Popol Vuh, Hunahpu dies. †And then his head was taken off by a snatch-bat, leaving Hunahpus body still stuffed inside† and then was given a squash head to substitute his head and â€Å"His strength was just the same, he looked handsome, he spoke just the same. â€Å" In the Epic of Gilgamesh, after Enkidu dies, Gilgamesh goes on a journey to achieve immortality, scared of the mysterious afterlife, and begging for more time to live. GIlgamesh says just before fighting Humbaba, â€Å"Who, my friend, can ascend to the heavens? (Only) the gods can dwell forever with Shamash. As for human beings, their days are numbered.† This suggests that the people living in Uruk were wary of death, but understood it could not be avoided since there was only one immortal man in the epic, and even he did not recommend being immortal. Gilgamesh had a clear fear of death, saying â€Å"I fear death and now roam the wilderness,† just after Enkid u dies. Enkidu’s ghost appears in tablet 12, and Gilgamesh asks Enkidu about the underworld, revealing that there is an underworld that people’s souls can reach, but you cannot come back from the dead completely. The ballgame mentioned several times in the story of the Hero Twins was played in real life ancient Mesoamerica, which gave the people listening to the story a sense of reality. This story was used to paint a picture of the underworld, and how a regular K’iche citizen could overcome the gods of the underworld for a good afterlife. For the culture of the Popol Vuh, the story of the Hero Twins also serves as a creation story about how the sun and moon were created. The Mesopotamians avoided the wrath of the gods in a different way, by giving small but frequent sacrifices in mortal life, but both were a shortcut when compared to adhering to moral principles like in Buddhism or Christianity. War and conflict were regarded as necessary and rewarded acts in Mesoamerica and Mesopotamia. Stories of previous hardship are included in the Epic of Gilgamesh, such as the great flood. â€Å"The hearts of the Great Gods moved them to inflict the flood.† is a quote from Utnapishtim, the man with eternal life who speaks to Gilgamesh about why the flood occurred. The Hero Twins’ family had endured torment from the gods of death before, and fought with them, â€Å"And the first to die, a long time before, had been their fathers, One Hunahpu and Seven Hunahpu. And they saw the face of their father again, there in X ibalba,† which is why Hunahpu and Xbalanque had to avenge their predecessors. Gilgamesh is â…” god and â…“ human, it is known that his mother is a human but very wise. Enkidu is â…“ human and â…” beast. The Hero Twins are part god as well, and are referred to today as demigods. The Popol Vuh is a genuine religious text, while the Epic of Gilgamesh only gives examples of the religious norms of the time. Ancient Mesoamerica and Mesopotamia both adhered to polytheistic religious, with many specific gods. The gods of the underworld, Xibalba, had menacing names like Blood Gatherer and Bone Scepter. The Epic of Gilgamesh did not mention multiple gods of death, only Ereshkigal, the queen of the underworld. Both texts are structured in the same way- introduce heroes, establish goal, achieve, and face aftermath. The Epic of Gilgamesh is known to have created this formula, and has been used in myths ever since. The Popol Vuh uses that idea of having two heroes, which is uncommon in ancient storytelling. The reference to gods and religion is similar because they both use sacrifice and battle to get a good afterlife rather than morals, and recognize the underworld as the place where many people go when they die. The largest difference is the importance of blood related family in the Popol Vuh is not seen in the Epic of Gilgamesh, it is more of a story of friendship. The other substantial diffe rence is Gilgamesh’s goal in his quests is worldly rewards, while the goal of the Hero Twins is to retrieve their father’s body and bring him back to earth, which shows the divide between the morals of the main characters. These stories come from cultures separated by time and location, but are more common than not.

The Risks Involved In Internet Banking Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Internet banking refers to systems that enable bank customers to access accounts and general information on bank products and services through a personal computer (PC) or other intelligent device. Internet banking products and services can include wholesale products for corporate customers as well as retail and fiduciary products for consumers. Ultimately, the products and services obtained through Internet banking are mirror products and services offered through other bank delivery channels. Types of Internet Banking Informational Communicative Transactional Internet Banking Risks Credit Risk Credit risk is the risk to earnings or capital arising from an obligors failure to meet the terms of any contract with the bank or otherwise to perform as agreed. Credit risk is found in all activities where success depends on counterparty, issuer, or borrower performance. It arises any time bank funds are extended, committed, invested, or otherwise exposed through actual or implied contractual agreements, whether on or off the banks balance sheet. Internet banking provides the opportunity for banks to expand their geographic range. Customers can reach a given institution from literally anywhere in the world. In dealing with customers over the Internet, absent any personal contact, it is challenging for institutions to verify the bonafides of their customers, which is an important element in making sound credit decisions. Verifying collateral and perfecting security agreements also can be challenging with out-of-area borrowers. Unless properly managed, Internet banking could lead t o a concentration in out-of-area credits or credits within a single industry. Moreover, the question of which states or countrys laws control an Internet relationship is still developing. Effective management of a portfolio of loans obtained through the Internet requires that the board and management understand and control the banks lending risk profile and credit culture. They must assure that effective policies, processes, and practices are in place to control the risk associated with such loans. Interest Rate Risk Interest rate risk is the risk to earnings or capital arising from movements in interest rates. From an economic perspective, a bank focuses on the sensitivity of the value of its assets, liabilities and revenues to changes in interest rates. Interest rate risk arises from differences between the timing of rate changes and the timing of cash flows (repricing risk); from changing rate relationships among different yield curves affecting bank activities (basis risk); from changing rate relationships across the spectrum of maturities (yield curve risk); and from interest-related options embedded in bank products (options risk). Evaluation of interest rate risk must consider the impact of complex, illiquid hedging strategies or products, and also the potential impact that changes in interest rates will have on fee income. In those situations where trading is separately managed, this refers to structural positions and not trading portfolios. Internet banking can attract deposits, loans, and other relationships from a larger pool of possible customers than other forms of marketing. Greater access to customers who primarily seek the best rate or term reinforces the need for managers to maintain appropriate asset/liability management systems, including the ability to react quickly to changing market conditions. Liquidity Risk Liquidity risk is the risk to earnings or capital arising from a banks inability to meet its obligations when they come due, without incurring unacceptable losses. Liquidity risk includes the inability to manage unplanned changes in funding sources. Liquidity risk also arises from the failure to recognize or address changes in market conditions affecting the ability of the bank to liquidate assets quickly and with minimal loss in value. Internet banking can increase deposit volatility from customers who maintain accounts solely on the basis of rate or terms. Asset/liability and loan portfolio management systems should be appropriate for products offered through Internet banking. Increased monitoring of liquidity and changes in deposits and loans may be warranted depending on the volume and nature of Internet account activities. Price Risk Price risk is the risk to earnings or capital arising from changes in the value of traded portfolios of financial instruments. This risk arises from market making, dealing, and position taking in interest rate, foreign exchange, equity, and commodities markets. Banks may be exposed to price risk if they create or expand deposit brokering, loan sales, or securitization programs as a result of Internet banking activities. Appropriate management systems should be maintained to monitor, measure, and manage price risk if assets are actively traded. Foreign Exchange Risk Foreign exchange risk is present when a loan or portfolio of loans is denominated in a foreign currency or is funded by borrowings in another currency. In some cases, banks will enter into multi-currency credit commitments that permit borrowers to select the currency they prefer to use in each rollover period. Foreign exchange risk can be intensified by political, social, or economic developments. The consequences can be unfavorable if one of the currencies involved becomes subject to stringent exchange controls or is subject to wide exchange-rate fluctuations. Foreign exchange risk is discussed in more detail in the Foreign Exchange, booklet of the Comptrollers Handbook. Banks may be exposed to foreign exchange risk if they accept deposits from non-U.S. residents or create accounts denominated in currencies other than U.S. dollars. Appropriate systems should be developed if banks engage in these activities. Transaction Risk Transaction risk is the current and prospective risk to earnings and capital arising from fraud, error, and the inability to deliver products or services, maintain a competitive position, and manage information. Transaction risk is evident in each product and service offered and encompasses product development and delivery, transaction processing, systems development, computing systems, complexity of products and services, and the internal control environment. A high level of transaction risk may exist with Internet banking products, particularly if those lines of business are not adequately planned, implemented, and monitored. Banks that offer financial products and services through the Internet must be able to meet their customers expectations. Banks must also ensure they have the right product mix and capacity to deliver accurate, timely, and reliable services to develop a high level of confidence in their brand name. Customers who do business over the Internet are likely to hav e little tolerance for errors or omissions from financial institutions that do not have sophisticated internal controls to manage their Internet banking business. Likewise, customers will expect continuous availability of the product and Web pages that are easy to navigate. Software to support various Internet banking functions is provided to the customer from a variety of sources. Banks may support customers using customer-acquired or bank-supplied browsers or personal financial manager (PFM) software. Good communications between banks and their customers will help manage expectations on the compatibility of various PFM software products. Attacks or intrusion attempts on banks computer and network systems are a major concern. Studies show that systems are more vulnerable to internal attacks than external, because internal system users have knowledge of the system and access. Banks should have sound preventive and detective controls to protect their Internet banking systems from exploitation both internally and externally. See OCC Bulletin 99-9, Infrastructure Threats from Cyber- Terrorists for additional information. Contingency and business resumption planning is necessary for banks to be sure that they can deliver products and services in the event of adverse circumstances. Internet banking products connected to a robust network may actually make this easier because back up capabilities can be spread over a wide geographic area. For example, if the main server is inoperable, the network could automatically reroute traffic to a back up server in a different geographical location. Security issues should be considered when the institution develops its contingency and business resumption plans. In such situations, security and internal controls at the back-up location should be as sophisticated as those at the primary processing site. High levels of system availability will be a key expectation of customers and will likely differentiate success levels amo ng financial institutions on the Internet. National banks that offer bill presentment and payment will need a process to settle transactions between the bank, its customers, and external parties. In addition to transaction risk, settlement failures could adversely affect reputation, liquidity, and credit risk. Risk Management Financial institutions should have a technology risk management process to enable them to identify, measure, monitor, and control their technology risk exposure. Examiners should refer to OCC Bulletin 98-3, Technology Risk Management for additional guidance on this topic. Risk management of new technologies has three essential elements: The planning process for the use of the technology. Implementation of the technology. The means to measure and monitor risk. The OCCs objective is to determine whether a bank is operating its Internet banking business in a safe and sound manner. The OCC expects banks to use a rigorous analytic process to identify, measure, monitor, and control risk. Examiners will determine whether the level of risk is consistent with the banks overall risk tolerance and is within the banks ability to manage and control. The risk planning process is the responsibility of the board and senior management. They need to possess the knowledge and skills to manage the banks use of Internet banking technology and technology-related risks. The board should review, approve, and monitor Internet banking technology-related projects that may have a significant impact on the banks risk profile. They should determine whether the technology and products are in line with the banks strategic goals and meet a need in their market. Senior management should have the skills to evaluate the technology employed and risks assumed. Periodic independent evaluations of the Internet banking technology and products by auditors or consultants can help the board and senior management fulfill their responsibilities. Implementing the technology is the responsibility of management. Management should have the skills to effectively evaluate Internet banking technologies and products, select the right mix for the bank, and see that they are installed appropriately. If the bank does not have the expertise to fulfill this responsibility internally, it should consi der contracting with a vendor who specializes in this type of business or engaging in an alliance with another provider with complementary technologies or expertise. Measuring and monitoring risk is the responsibility of management. Management should have the skills to effectively identify, measure, monitor, and control risks associated with Internet banking. The board should receive regular reports on the technologies employed, the risks assumed, and how those risks are managed. Monitoring system performance is a key success factor. As part of the design process, a national bank should include effective quality assurance and audit processes in its Internet banking system. The bank should periodically review the systems to determine whether they are meeting the performance standards. Internal Controls Internal controls over Internet banking systems should be commensurate with an institutions level of risk. As in any other banking area, management has the ultimate responsibility for developing and implementing a sound system of internal controls over the banks Internet banking technology and products. Regular audits of the control systems will help ensure that the controls are appropriate and functioning properly. For example, the control objectives for an individual banks Internet banking technology and products might focus on: Consistency of technology planning and strategic goals, including efficiency and economy of operations and compliance with corporate policies and legal requirements. Data availability, including business recovery planning. Data integrity, including providing for the safeguarding of assets, proper authorization of transactions, and reliability of the process and output. Data confidentiality and privacy safeguards. Reliability of MIS. Once control objectives are established, management has the responsibility to install the necessary internal controls to see that the objectives are met. Management also has the responsibility to evaluate the appropriateness of the controls on a cost-benefit basis. That analysis may take into account the effectiveness of each control in a process, the dollar volume flowing through the process, and the cost of the controls. Examiners will need to understand the banks operational environment to evaluate the proper mix of internal controls and their adequacy. According to the Information Systems Audit and Control Association (ISACA) the basic internal control components include: Internal accounting controls used to safeguard the assets and reliability of financial records. These would include transaction records and trial balances Operational controls used to ensure that business objectives are being met. These would include operating plans and budgets to compare actual against pla nned performance. Administrative controls used to ensure operational efficiency and adherence to policies and procedures. These would include periodic internal and external audits. Conclusion This paper has thus covered the various aspects of internet banking risks. Also, the suggestions given in the form of control measures may be followed to achieve the desired results and overcome the demerits.